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R E F» O I^ T 



OF THE 



COIS/mVEITTEE 



APPOINTED BY THE 



BOAEB OF PDBLIC EDDSATIOI 



TO IXOUIRE INTO THE 



liiiiiTiiin' wniTioionHE sfHOftis 



I First School District of Pennsylvania, 

I City of Philadelphia. 

B 

5 CONTAINING 

E 

I 

S ANALYSES OF THE AIR OF SCHOOL ROOMS, REPORTS Ol- PIIV- 

I STCIANS, TABULAR STATEMENTS, AND DETAILS Ol' 

I THE SANITARY CONDITION, ETC., ETC., 

I OF TEACHERS AND PUPILS. 



I PHILADELPHIA: | 

I E. C. MARKLEY .^ SON, PRINTERS, 422 LIBRARY STREET, | 
I 1875. I 

B i 

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IIEI> O R T 



OF THE 



OOlS/^IMIITTEE 



APPOINTED BY THE 



BOARD OF PUBLIC EDDCiTIOB 



TO INQUIRE INTO THE 



uwm mmm of m umm 



OF THE 

Ftrs^ School District of Pennsylvania, 
City of Philadelphia. 

CONTAINING 

ANALYSES OF THE AIR OF SCHOOL ROOMS, REPORTS OF PHY- 
SICIANS, TABULAR STATEMENTS, AND DETAILS OF 
THE SANITARY CONDITION, ETC., ETC., 
OF TEACHERS AND PUPILS. 



«»■«> — ■ 



PHILADELPHIA: 
E, C. MARKLEY & SON, PRINTERS, 422 LIBRARY STREET, 

1875. 



I^ E I^ O lE^ T. 



Philadelphia, July 13, 1875. 

To the Board of Public Education, ^ 

First School District of Pennsylvania. 

Gentlemen : The Committee to which was referred the 
communication of the Social Science Association of Philadelphia, 
in regard to the hygienic condition of the Public Schools of 
this city, respectfully report, that it has given the subject mat- 
ter of the communication the fullest consideration, and used all 
the appliances at its command, to secure the information de- 
ferred by the society named. 

' The work of collecting the facts embraced in the accom- 
panying papers, was not by any means an easy one, as will be 
demonstrated by a reference to those papers, yet with all its 
difficulties it was cheerfully undertaken, alike by those who 
contributed to their preparation, either by presenting the 
facts, the making the chemical investigations,, and the sum- 
marizing and reporting upon them. 

• In their work the Committee received much valuable assist- 
ance from Mr. Px,. Thomson, of the Boys' Central High School, 
Dr. Pemberton Dudley, Dr. J. Gilbert Young, and other sci- 
ientific and medical gentlemen, to whom it here makes its ac- 
knowledgments, and expresses its thanks for the good services 
rendered by them. 

From Dr. B. L. Bay, who carefully examined all the i-eports 
of the scientific gentlemen, the Committee received very impor- 
tant aid, and are under great obligations to him for the very 
clear, concise and satisfactory summary which he prepared — 
which summary is herewith presented to the Board. 



Whilst many of the reports received are not as full as de- 
sired, it is yet a satisfaction that every school in the district 
(with two exceptions) has been heard from, and the only source 
of regret with your Committee arises from their inability to 
secure a thorough medical examination in every section. 

The Committee urgently request each Member of the Board 
to carefully examine the papers presented, that they may be- 
come not only acquainted with the facts which are connected 
with their section, but with those of all the sections, to the end 
that they may, when the time shall arrive for action by the 
Board, upon the many subjects treated of in the report, be able 
to act promptly and effectively in bringing about the much 
needed improvements in the hygiene of our Public Schools. 

An examination of the papers will make it apparent, that in 
a large number of the schools reform is much needed in the 
matter of the position of the pupils' desks and the black-boards, 
as regard the direction from which the light enters the class- 
rooms. In the class-rooms where the positions of the desks are 
faulty, because of the light falling directly upon the face of the 
pupil, when sitting at the desk, they should as far as possible 
have their positions so changed that the light may be received 
at the side or from behind the pupil, and the black-boards be 
so arranged as to be in harmony with the light received from 
such directions. There cannot, the Committee feel free to say, 
be any excuse, much less any justification for such architec- 
tural arrangement of school-houses which may hereafter be 
built, as will not secure the arrangement of the desks and 
black-boards to be in such position with the windows of the 
class-rooms that the reception of the light upon them and the 
pupils will be either from the side or from behind the pupils 
when seated at the desks, or when working on the black-board. 

As regards the matter of physical exercise, the Committee 
feel called upon to remark, that while it may not be possible 
from the peculiar construction of some of the school-houses to 
have space sufficient and the other necessary conditions to per- 
mit of gymnastic exercises being engaged in by the pupils, 



with benefit in the class-rooms, yet the importance of physi- 
cal exercise, as a means, if of nothing more, of withdrawing 
the brain from its toil, and of thus securing mental relaxation, 
should not be overlooked, and hence that in some form such 
exercise should not only be indulged in, but commanded at set 
periods every day. If from the arrangement of the school- 
rooms the exercises cannot be practiced in the school-building, 
they may, nevertheless, be engaged in outside of the class- 
rooms, in the yards attached to most of the school-houses. — 
The Committee fear that the law of the Board which requires 
that the pupils shall have a recess each morning of thirty 
minutes, is not universally complied with by the teachers, 
and that in some instances it is advised the morning session 
is continued without interruption for two and a-half hours, 
when the pupils are dismissed, the thirty minutes being added 
to the period intervening between the closing of the morning 
and the opening of the afternoon sessions, thus making the 
morning session from 9 o'clock to 11.30 o'clock, instead of, as 
ordered by the Board, from 9 A. M. to 12 M., with a recess of 
one-half hour during that period. Whilst this arrangement, 
on the part of those teachers who direct it, virtually gives to 
the pupils the full time for tuition directed by the Board to be 
given to them, the sanitary and hygienic purposes of the morn- 
ing recess, namely, the taking from the brain the tension to 
which it has been for an hour and a-half submitted, and the 
exposing of the children to the healthful influence of a better 
light and purer air than that of the school-room, and the men- 
tal and physical invigoration which results from that abandon 
and giving up to free and unrestrained natural and joyous 
exercise of the physical and mental systems, as may be seen 
in any school-yard during recess, is cruelly denied the chil- 
dren. In every instance where the recess required by the 
Board is withheld from the children, there is a gross wrong 
done to them, the effects of which your Committee fear, in too 
many instances, present themselves in impaired health, en- 
feebled brain power, and defective nerve force — the outcrop- 



6 

■pings; of 'wliicli are xoo often seen in that Sad condition of early 
womanhood and early manhood, as qualified by the terms— ^ 
"broken down health," and ''shattered constitutions." The 
wrong referred to must not be tolerated. It must be arrested, 
and the Board should see to it, that by the due infliction of 
proper penalties upon the teachers who deny to the pupils their 
^rights in the matter of the healthful benefits incident to the 
thirty minutes morning recess, shall be made to realize the 
importance to the pupils, of the mental and physical relaxation 
and invigoration which result from their withdrawal of thirty 
minutes from their labors in the school-room, and their devo- 
tion of the recess to exercise and pastime in the open air. 

In reference to the school furniture, the facts collected justify 
the conclusion that the pupil's desks, which have for the past 
few years been furnished, are, as regards their height for the 
different grades of schools, their form, and the construction 
and shape of the seats, such as largely meet the requirements 
•of the pupils for comfort and health. 

The subject of the ventilation and warming of the school- 
'houses largely engaged the attention of the Committee. Upon 
this branch of their investigation many very interesting , an(i 
important facts have been collected, which must, if properly 
-regarded, aid very positively in securing for the class-rooms 
'their better heating and pure effective ventilation. The Com- 
^mittee are not ignorant of the fact, that the matter of heating 
and ventilating school-rooms, and indeed all rooms in which 
darge numbers of persons remain for hours, is fraught with 
-many difl[iculties, and that able minds have been, as they are 
.now, engaged in endeavoring to solve the problem, of how t^p 
.successfully warm and ventilate assembly rooms., In view- of 
these difficulties, and with the belief that the Committee pre- 
sents to the Board something practical in reference to the im,- 
provement of the ventilation of the school-rooms, the Com- 
■mittee invite special attention to the suggestions of one of the 
-Committee, Dr. Nebinger, as embodied in his report of the 
'hygienic condition of, the class-rooms of the Second Section. 



=The Committee not only invite the attention to these sugges- 
tions, but recommend that the suggestions be put into imme^ 
.diate practical operation. '' '., i' 

- A source of atmospheric contamination very generally com+ 
plained of in the reports, is, the foul and disgusting emanation 
'from privies connected with some of the school-houses. This 
.source of atmospheric contamination is entirely within the 
^iower of the means of control, and should at the earliest pos- 
sible period be remedied by the emptying of the wells, the free 
.use of disinfectants, and the connecting of the privies by means 
of properly constructed wooden or terra-eotta ventilating tubes 
with the smoke flues of the school-houses, a means at once 
efficient, simple, and easy ofapplication. ' ) 

A very serious complaint comes from some of the sections in 
regard to the inadequacy of the heating apparatus. The Com- 
mittee suggest that in every instance complained of, that it be 
duly inquired into, and if found well based, that the needful 
reinedy shall be applied. 

Advanced sheets of' the tabulated matter of this report, 
and the reports of the scientific gentlemen upon the atmos- 
phere and ventilation of the school-rooms, were furnished to 
Dr. D. F. Lincoln, of Boston, who made use of them in his 
very interesting report presented to the American Social 
Science Association at its meeting held at Detroit, Michigan, 
May 11, 1875. In referring to these reports Dr. Lincoln said, 
in substance, that the facts embodied in them were the first of 
the kind that had been collected and tabulated by any Educa 
tional Board. Thus it will be seen that this Board has been, to 
a certain extent, a Pioneer in a specialty of hygiene, as connec- 
ted with Public Schools. Since the presentation to the American 
Social Science Association, of the matter contained in the 
accompanying tabulated reports, a series of questions similar 
to those of our reports have been prepared by the school 
authorities of St. Louis, and circulated among the teachers of 
the schools of that City, for the purpose of obtaining informa- 
tion in regard to the hygienic condition of its Public Schools. 



8 

The abstracts of tlie several reports received by your Com- 
mittee do not show as satisfactory a condition of our school 
buildings as could be wished, and yet we feel that the very plain 
and pointed statements of defects as given by teachers and phy- 
sicians, will induce our respective committees and the various 
Sectional Boards to take immediate steps to remove the diffi- 
culties complained of, and to this end your Committee would 
respectfully ask that this report, with the accompanying docu- 
ments, be printed in pamphlet form for general distribution. 

The Board will find herewith copies of the blanks prepared 
by your Committee and abstract of the answers received, clas- 
sified under the heading of " Grammar," " Consolidated," " Sec- 
ondary," and " Primary" Schools. 
We have the honor to be, 

Very respectfully, yours, 

LOUIS WAGNER, CKn, 

D. STEINMETZ, } Committee. 

A. NEBINGER. 



DETEEMINATIONS OF CABBONIO ACID AND OF 
WATER IN AIR, 

{Schools in Second Section,) 

By E. Thomson, High School Laboratory. 

The following analyses were undertaken with a view to find- 
ing the amount of carbonic acid which may be expected to 
exist in the atmosphere of an ordinary school-room, and to dis- 
cover, if possible, conditions favorable and unfavorable to good 
ventilation. 

In the first place, however, it becomes necessary to decide 
what proportions of constituents may be regarded as pure or 
normal air, such as may be taken as a standard of comparison. 
Many investigators and prominent among them. Dr. R. Angus 
Smith, recognize the following proportions of gases as express- 
ing very nearly the composition of pure or normal air, watery 
vapor excluded. 

Per cent, by measure. 
Oxygen, - - - - 20.96 

Nitrogen, - - - - 79.00 

Carbonic Acid, - - - .03 to .04 

The amount of carbonic acid varies slightly above and below 
the amount given. 

The two following analyses of external air, agree, in general, 
with the proportions given. The amount of water is also given. 

The observations are calculated for a standard of 60° F. 

In all the analyses here given, the volume of carbonic acid 
found, is compared with 10,000 volumes of air. The water is 
given in parts by weight compared with 10,000 parts by weight 
of air. 



10 

No. 1. Analysis of Pure External Air. 

The sample was taken February 27, at a temperature below 

the freezing point. There was high wind at the time, and the 

day was cloudy. 

-.- . , „ . — -, . ,; — - , V^lymes -in- — . , - • - - - - - - — 

■- ..' -A. '....:..\ '■-: . ./ 10^000 Parts by- Weigtt.- - 

Carbonic Acid, /,. . \ .- : T. - 2.83 4.08 in 10,000 
Water, ----- 37.68 in 10,000 

f;: ■:- ^. ,.■■•, :: ,. . v . ) 
No. 2. Analysis of Pure External _Air.^ 

This sample was taken March 13th; temperature 55° F. ; 
weather, rainy and damp, with very little wind: ' 



Volumes in 
10,000 

3.205 


Parts by weight. 

- .4.54-in 10,000 




75.14 in 10,000 



Carbonic Acid, - - 
Water, - - - - 

'■ The results obtained by Dr. E. A. Smith, show that, in gen- 
eral, the more wind, the less the carbonic acid, and that, dur- 
ing a calm, it rises in quantity. This fact is, doubtless, due 
to the wind preventing the formation of local atmospheres con:; 
"taining higher proportions of carbonic acid. 
■•• His r-esults also show that in cities, the amount is greater 
than in the rural districts, unless very high winds prevaih - ' 

Besides the gases already referred to, a trace of ammonia and 
a small proportion" of carbides of hydrogen, are generally 
present in fiir. . ' ' " ,_ „ '■ 

Pure air is cohtafninated "by the operation of many' causes. 
"The sources of impurity may he. briefly, tabulated as follows ] 

Respiration, introducing = - 

Carbonic acid, water, with organic impurities, ammonia and 
similar substances. , 

Combustion, as of wood, gas, or coal : 

Carbonic acid, water, hydrocarbon vapors, sulphurous acid-, 
acetic acid,, soot, &c. 



ir 

Fermentation; animal and vegetable decornioosiiion : 

- Carbonic acid, ammonia, sulphide of hydrogen-carbides- of 

hydrogen, &c., e. g. sewer gases. 

General ivear and tear, and miscellaneous sources of impurity : 

Animal excreta, volatile oils, &c., fibres from clothing, emana- 
tions during disease, organic germs, &c. ' 

In school-rooms, all of these sources exist to a greater or less 
extent. The impurities thrown off in respiration, are, doubt- 
less, in many cases, added to by leaky flues in heaters and 
stoves, gases from sewers, and the like, and impurity arising 
from neglect of cleanliness of the pupils. 

In all the sources of contamination mentioned, carbonic acid 
is produced, and its quantity may, with few exceptions, be taken 
as an index of the presence or absence of other and more harm- 
ful' substances. 

Pure carbonic acid, mixed with air, exerts but little truly 
poisonous action, but when accompanied, as it usually is, by 
quantities of organic putrescible substances, for continued respir- 
ation, it is most injurious. 

c The following analyses give the proportions of carbonic aci4 
and water as found in samples of air taken from schools in the 
Second Section, In all cases the schools were in full session. 

No. 3. Wharton School-House. 
Boys' Secondary — Second Division ; about 30 pupils present ; so pupils— 

i I r •» 25^ cubic feet 

one window open about 2 feet: weather, damp : outside tern- of a'f *« each 

. . ' pupil. 

perature a few degrees above the freezing point. 
The results of analysis are : 

[ Volumes in 10,000. 

Carbonic acid, 11.68. 
^ Water, 76.58 parts, by weight, in 10,000. 

; The carbonic acid is about three times that of normal air. 
The water found agrees with the damp condition of the air. 



12 

No. 4. Wharton School-House. 

i6o*l;ub?i'^It Boys' Primary — First Division ; about 30 pupils ; one window 
pupii/° ®^°^ open 8 or 10 inches ; large transom over the door, wide open ; 
fair weather, temperature outside 47°. 

Volumes in 10,000. 

Carbonic acid, 5.93. 

Water, . 70.09 parts, by weight, in 10,000. 

A strong draft of cold air from the transom was noticed while 
taking the sample used in this analysis, which fact fully accounts 
for the low proportion of carbonic acid found. 

No. 5. Wharton School-House. 

_4i pupils— Girls' Secondary — Fourth Division ; no windows open ; the 

of air to each trausom partly so ; weather, very bad, high wind and shower 
of sleet. V 

Volumes in 10,000. 

Carbonic acid, 15.33. 

Water 60.61 parts, by weight, in 10,000. 

The amount of carbonic acid is considerable and arose from 
the necessity for closing the windows on account of the storm. 

No. 6. Geo. W. Nebinger School-House. 



m7°fy^l two transoms partly open ; weather, bright and clear. 



For each of Two rooms werc being used connectedly, with over 190 pupils 

thelOOpupils . ° '' -, r^ • i 

or four divi- of tlio bovs primary, two windows open each about 10 mcnes, 

Bions crowded j t^ j j. 

intot 
rooms, 

special pur- 
pose, there Volumes in 10,000. 

S feet of Carbonic acid, 21.34. 

nary umo's Water, 57.73 parts, by weight, in 10,000. 

there are 

btc feVt1!f a?r "^^^ ^^® purposo of receiving instruction in music, four divis- 
for each pu- ^Qj^g ^^Q^cQ crowded iuto the space ordinarily occupied by two. 

The proportion of carbonic acid and organic impurities is 

therefore high. 

It is proper to state that such crowded condition was for a 

half hour only. 



13 

No. 7. Geo. W. Nebinger School-House. 
Girls' Grammar — Fourth Division : 40 pupils ; two windows 4o pupiis— 

' r r ; 158 cubic feet 

down, 4 inches each ; weather, dull and cloudy ; inside temper- "^"^jj *° ^^'^^ 
ature about 72°. 

Volumes in 10,000. 

Carbonic acid, 16.26. 

Water, 65.65 parts, by weight, in 10,000, 

In this instance the amount of carbonic acid might have been 
less had the windows been opened to a greater extent ; at the 
same time, the temperature being high would not have been 
inconveniently reduced by so doing. 

No. 8. Geo. W. Nebinger School-House. 
Boys' Grammai" — First Division: 30 pupils: one window 4ipnpiis— 

•^ ' 155 cubic feet 

open to a small extent; weather very fair; inside temperature "fair to each 
66°. """ ■ 

Volumes in 10,000. 

Carbonic acid, 12.68. 

Water, 44.17 parts, by weight, in 10,000. 

The amount of carbonic acid is moderate. 

No. 9. Washington School-House. 
Boys' Secondary — Fourth Division ; 54 pupils ; one window ^^ pupiig— 

■^ •' ' IT 1 ' 161 cubic feet 

partly open : weather comparatively warm and fair. °^^^^ '» each 

Volumes in 10,000. 

Carbonic acid, 16.77. 

Water, 40.21 parts, by weight, in 10,000. 

No. 10. Washington School-House. 
Girls' Secondary — Fourth Division ; 38 pupils ; one window ss pupiis— 

, - . ' iT JT / 210cubicfeet 

fully opened ; weather very fair. ofairtoeach 

Volames in 10,000. 

Carbonic acid, 8.65. 

Water, 45.61 parts, by weight, in 10,000. 

The low amount of carbonic acid is traceable to the ventila- 
tion afforded by the open window. 



11 

/ No, 11. Washington School-house. 

j^f^P{JP",^g;^ Boys' Primary — 4th Division; 5.8 pupils; three windows 
pupii/° ^'"'^ open 1 J feet; weather bright an^ clear... : 

Volumes in 10,000. - 

Carbonic acid, 10.16. 

Water, 40.57 parts, by weight, in 10,000. 

In this case, again, the proportion is low, and is Evidently 
(iue to the number of windows open, thus affording rapid change 
of air. 

The following analysis is of air taken from one of the rooms 
of the High School building when about 40 - pupils were 
present. ^ ■ , ^ ■ 

' ; No. 12. Feom High School. 
One window wide open; weather extremely damp and rainy. ' 

Volumes in 10,000. . 

Carbonic acid, 12.70. 

Water, ^ 103.12 parts, by weight, in 10,000. 

The proportion of water is over one per cent., and shows at 
once the very moist condition of the atmosphere. 

For purposes of comparison the breath, as exhaled from the 
lungs during respiration, was analysed, and found to contain — 

Volumes in 10,000. 

Carbonic acid, 378.48. 

Water, ,; 265.80 parts, by weight, in 10,000. 

In other words the proportions are hy weight, Sh\iii\Q over 
5 per cent, of carbonic acid and 2|- per cent, water. 
' The average proportion of carbonic acid from the ten 
analyses of air from school-rooms is 13.13 volumes in 10,000 of 
air, or about four times that found in normal or pure air. 

There is no standard of purity which distinguishes good from 
bad air, since the one condition passes insensibly into the other, 
and a sample of air from confined situations is more or less 
pure or impure by comparison. 



15 

. It is safe to conclade, however, that if froni' 10 to 15 meas- 
ures of carbonic acid exist in 10,000 of air, the latter cannot 
be regarded as of good, quality, and must be unwholesome, but 
there can, be no question that when the amount is 20 or more 
that positive injury must ensue to those remaining in such an 
atmosphel-e. ■ Too much importan.ce cannot be attached to the 
fact that although carbonic acid, pure, and mixed with air, is 
comparatively harmless, yet, as in .school-rooms and the like, 
it is always associated with the noxious products of organic 
changes, and that a large amount of these latter is almost 
always concomitant in the presence of a like amount of car- 
bonic acid. 

The foregoing analyses being made under varying conditions 
of temperature, wind, and moisture, afford no criterion as to 
ihe relative ventilation of the schools from which the samples 
were taken. 

For example, the weather was much milder and more favor- 
able when the samples used in Analyses 10 and 11 were ob- 
tained than was the case with several of the others. In some 
the temperature and state of weather was such as to preclude 
the use of open windows for ventilation. 

From an attentive consideration of the conditions in each 
case, the following inferences are, perhaps, justifiable. 

1. Under similar conditions the amount of carbonic acid and 
organic impurity will be greater in proportion to the age and 
size of the pupils. 

Hence in the Primary Schools the purity, at least so far as 
carbonic acid is concerned, may exceed that of Secondary and 
Grammar Schools. 

2. That undue crowding, especially in bad states of weather, 
as excessive cold, may, by the increase of impurities, produce 
conditions that are alike prejudicial to both teacher and pupil. 
In Analyses 6 and 9 the inference is clearly exemplified. 



16 

3. No case was found in which the most moderate ventila- 
tion could have been secured without the use of open windows. 
Analyses Nos. 4, 10, and 11, which show the least amounts of 
carbonic acid, apply to cases in which open windows were doing 
the work of ventilation. 

The amount of water in the air varies, of course, to a very 
considerable degree, but it is seldom less than one-fifth per 
cent., and never rises much above three per cent. 

E. THOMSON. 



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■>A 



SECOND SECTION. 

To the Sanitary Committee of the 

Board of Publie Education : 

Gentlemen : — Desiring to have the atmosphere of a number 
of the class-rooms of the school-houses of the Second School 
Section analyzed with accuracy, to determine the percentage 
of carbonic acid in the air of each, we invited Mr. E. Thomson, 
A. B., Assistant to the Professor of Chemistry of the Boys' 
High School, to take charge of the investigation. Mr. Thom- 
son, with great kindness and readiness, consented. He gave 
to the work of the analysis a large amount of time and labor, 
and prepared a report of his investigations which is herewith 
presented. The report is clear, comprehensive, and abounds 
in suggestive facts which cannot fail to interest those who give 
attention to the study of the laws of health. 

It may be well here to remark that inasmuch as the class- 
rooms whose atmosphere Mr. Thomson examined, may be re- 
garded as representing the average class-rooms of the school- 
houses of the First School District, that the results of the analy- 
sis of the atmosphere of these rooms therefore express about the 
condition of the atmosphere of all the class-rooms in the public 
school-houses of Philadelphia. 

If, in the report of Mr. Thomson, one fact more than another 
is forcibly presented, it is that the means, apart from open win- 
dows, which are applied to ventilating oar school-houses are in- 
efficient. 

In regard to the three rooms of the Wharton School-house, 
the air of which was analyzed, we have to record that although 
there are ventilating shafts and ventilators, so called, by which 
it has been supposed the ventilation of the rooms v^as secured, 
yet the only means as experience and science have demonstrated 
by which the ventilation of those apartments can be effected 
is by open windows. 



19 

The otber two school buildings, in which the atmosphere of 
three rooms of each was examined, and the results of the analy- 
ses reported by Mr. Thomson, are buildings which are known 
as new school-houses, one was built in 1868, the other in 1872, 
and are as complete and as well constructed as regards their 
ventilating appliances as any of the public school-houses of the 
city, yet Mr. Thomson's report exhibits that the ventilation of 
the rooms of these buildings is but little, if any, more satisfac- 
tory than the ventilation of the class-rooms of the Wharton 
building, where the powers of the ventilating apparatus may be 
expressed by a cipher. 

Too much importance cannot be attached to the perfect ven- 
tilation of the school-rooms. In Philadelphia, during ten 
months of the year, about four and a half hours of each school 
day are spent in the school-rooms, by 90,000 children, ranging 
from six to seventeen years, and about 2,000 teachers. Who 
can possibly estimate to what extent the laws of health are vio- 
lated by compelling these 92,000 persons to breathe day in and 
day out an atmosphere surcharged to the extent of five, six, or 
seven times the sum of carbonic acid that normal air contains, 
and then superadded to this a sum of organic impurities which 
may be expressed by the same numbers as indicate the excess of 
carbonic acid ? Who can, in numbers, express the degree of 
violence done to health, the sum of human suifering engendered, 
and to what extent life may be shortened by the respiration of 
the unnecessarily impure atmosphere of school-rooms ? 

It must be borne in mind that an excess of carbonic acid is 
not the only pernicious matter which contaminates the air of 
school-rooms as a result of respiration, and of exhalation from 
the surface of the body, etc. There is organic or putrescible 
matter given off from the lungs at every respiration, which 
matter is held in solution in the watery vapor expired. This 
organic putrescible matter the best authorities declare is more 
injurious to health when inspired, than is the ordinary excess 
of carbonic acid which is present in defectively ventilated as- 
sembly rooms. Whilst there is not any means by which the 



20 

organic putrescent matter can be quantitatively determined, yet 
it can, for all useful purposes, be approximately fixed. Thus the 
sum of putrescible matter in any school-room, for example, is 
expressed by the same figures as indicate the sum of the excess 
of carbonic acid. In other words, if the carbonic acid is five, six, 
or seven times in excess of the sum of that gas in normal air, 
then is the putrescible matter five, six, or seven times in excess 
of such matter in ordinary air. The watery vapor expired 
from the lungs, and which holds in solution the putrescible or- 
ganic matter, is not under ordinary circumstances visible. It 
is rendered visible, however, by condensation, as is often seen on 
the glass of the windows and not unfrequently observed flowing 
down them in currents, where a large number of persons are as- 
sembled in a room when the external temperature is below -the 
freezing point. Nearly the entire amount of the condensed vapor 
which is seen under such circumstances was once in the bodies, 
and with all its foul putrefactive matter was cast off or exhaled 
by those in the room, and in its aeriform condition, by being 
breathed or inspired, enters again the circulation of every one 
of the auditory, and much or little, corrupts and poisons 
their bodies. From these observations it will at once be seen, 
that there is a double necessity for efficient ventilating apparatus 
in all school-rooms and other rooms where the atmosphere is 
subjected to contaminatio;i from the presence of a large number 
of persons. 

While we are disposed to regard with favor, the plan which 
has been applied of late years to the ventilation of our school- 
rooms, as embodying the practical and useful, yet we are con- 
fident, that it is in its operations, because of its defective appli- 
cation and details, inefficient. The imperfections referred to, 
in our estimation, although very positive, we think may be 
readily avoided in the application of the plan to the school- 
houses which may be hereafter constructed — and be largely 
remedied in many of our recently erected school-buildings. 

The plan of ventilation now in vogue in our so called modern 
or new school-houses, is by openings into a shaft, or flue, 



21 

tlirough which an iron smoke or gas-pipe connected with the 
heater passes. This apparatus is defective in our opinion, first 
in the small size of the shaft, second in the size of the ventil- 
ating openings into the shaft, third in the localities of the open- 
ings. The shaft has not sufficient capacity to carry off with 
the required rapidity the contaminated air, even though the 
openings into it were of sufEicient size, and in the best places 
to permit the air to pass with the required freedom from the 
room into the shaft, and through it into the external air. The 
ventilating registers are generally about 14 inches by 20 inches. 
The face of the register has many small openings in it, but it 
is however mainly made up of scroll or fret work, which em- 
braces about two-thirds of the entire face, so that a ventilating 
register 14 by 20 inches gives an opening into the shaft, prac- 
tically and absolutely, of about 5 by 7 inches only, through, 
which small openings we unreasonably expect to have escape 
from a room containing from 40 to 50 children, the expired air, 
with sufficient rapidity to keep the atmosphere of the room at 
or near the normal condition. The mere presentation of these 
statements is of itself, we feel, sufficient to make clearly 
manifest the insufficiency of our plan of ventilation, yet, as we 
have already in substance remarked, we incline to the opinion 
that the fault is not in the principles involved in the plan, but 
in the details and the imperfections of their application. We 
would suggest that hereafter in all the school-houses which 
may be built under the supervision of the Board of Education, 
in which the plan of ventilation on which we have been com- 
menting may be introduced, that the ventilating shafts shall 
be increased to thrice the capacity of those now in operation ; 
that the openings into the shaft be not less absolutely than 16 
inches by 24 inches, and that they be covered with iron doors 
which can be easily opened and closed partially or completely 
by teachers and janitors, and that these openings be near the 
ceilings. We have in our mind a form of frame and door with 
an arm, to which two cords could be attached, one for opening, 
the other for closing it, which would be far less costly than the 



22 

ventilating registers now used, and which could be easily- 
worked, and would present the smallest liability to get out of 
order. 

If we v/ould secure complete ventilation qf the school-room, 
we must not contemplate its cost" in the consumption of fuel. 
To warm properly and to ventilate efficiently our school-rooms, 
there are required large and well constructed heaters, whose hot- 
air chambers must communicate directly with the air outside of 
the school-house, through cold air trunks, and the ventilating 
shafts must be of large capacity, with openings mto them of 
such dimensions as will permit the air to rapidly flow out of the 
room into the shaft and through it into the external air. 

The factors of effective ventilation of our school-rooms in 
cold weather, are the introduction of a full supply of hot pure 
air, and the rapid escape without the sensible production of air 
currents, of the respired air. Until the heating and ventil- 
ating appliances of our school-rooms embrace these factors the 
class-rooms will present conditions prejudicial to health, vigor, 
and long life. 

A. NEBINGEE, M. D. 



23 

FOUETEENTH SECTION. 
No. 6S4 North Twelfth Street. 

Fhiladelvhia, March 15, 1875. 

To the Board of Directors of the 

Public Schools, Fourteenth Section, 

Gentlemen : — Accompanying this you will receive duplicate 
reports of the results of the sanitary examination of the public 
school-buildings of your section. The time at my disposal, since 
my appointment about two weeks ago, was too limited to allow 
of such a general and thorough investigation, as I should have 
been glad to make ; yet the results obtained are well worthy 
of your careful consideration. I here present certain facts in 
connection with our schools, which could not well be presented 
in the printed blanks. 

The examinations for carbonic acid were made during the 
comparatively warm days of March 10th, 11th, 12th, and 15th. 
The windows of the rooms examined were more or less open in 
every case ; yet a considerable quantity of carbonic acid (0. Oo) 
was detected in all of them. Wherever livino- beino;s are con- 
gregated there must, of course, be carbonic acid, but the fact that 
but one tenth per cent, or even less was found in one or two of 
the rooms proves that it is possible to maintain an equal degree 
of purity in all the others. On the other hand, the presence 
of .3 to .5 per cent, of carbonic acid in the school-rooms at 
Twelfth and Ely's avenue, with half-a-dozen of the windows 
lowered one foot from the top, is strikingly significant of what 
might be expected in colder weather, with the windows closed. 

All the school-rooms in the ward appear to be sufficiently 
heated. An exception, however, is noted at the Monroe School. 
In this building, if the heat from the " side heaters" is turned 
on at the two upper floors the lower floor gets none at all. This 
could perhaps be easily remedied by means of dampers, so ar- 
ranged as to prevent a portion of the warm air from rising to 
the upper rooms. As regards moisture, some of the teachers 



24 

complain of dryness of the throat and weakness of voice during 
school hours. The absence of these symptoms during the 
warmer weather makes it probable that they are due not alone 
to the constant effort of speaking, but also in some degree to a 
deficiency of moisture in the air of the school-rooms. 

The lighting seems to be sufficient in most instances, but 
would be still better, were the windows extended nearer to the 
ceilings. Such an arrangement would also add greatly to the 
comfort and healthfulness of the rooms during the hot weather. 
It is to be hoped that in school-buildings yet to be erected, this 
point may not be lost sight of. The direction of the light in 
relation to the position of the desks is faulty in very many 
cases; and it is difficult to suggest a remedy, inasmuch as any 
change in the position of the desks necessitates a change also 
in the location of the black-boards, maps, charts, &c., bringing 
them not unfrequently against the glass partitions, which would, 
of course, be objectionable. 

The air space allowed each scholar is in some cases hardly 
sufficient, particularly in the primary schools, where the desks, 
being smaller, are crowded into a narrower space than in the 
higher schools. And while speaking of the desks, it may be 
well to state that in all the primary schools we find a few schol- 
ars of larger growth, whom the primary desks are too small 
and contracted to allow them to sit with comfort. Could not a 
few desks of a larger pattern be introduced into the primary 
schools, for the special use of the older pupils ? 

The outlets or ventilators are, in nearly all cases, much too 
small, and too few in number, and improperly located. The 
warm air, after leaving the register, should make a complete 
circuit of the room before passing out at the ventilator. This 
can be secured only by having the inlets and outlets both on 
the same side of the room. "When they are on opposite sides 
as in the case of the Wni. D. Kelly Schools, the pure, warm air 
rises from the register, passes over the heads of the scholars, 
down along the opposite wall and into the outlet. The most 



25 

important part of the circuit, viz. : that part which is oc- 
cupied by the inmates, is omitted altogether. Another faulty- 
method, adopted in the John M. Ogden and Monroe Schools, 
consists in placing the outlet in the wall at the corner of the 
room, with the inlet alongside of, and on a level with it. In 
such cases the cold, foul, air, as it approaches the outlet, is 
caught in the ascending current of hot air, and thrown up again 
into the middle of the room. This defect, as it exists in the 
upper stories of the two schools above named, could be remedied 
by raising the inlets about eighteen or twenty-four inches, al- 
lowing the cold current to pass under the warmer current. 
The matter of opening the windows of a school-room as a remedy 
for defective ventilation, is not only of doubtful, or at least par- 
tial efficacy, but it also involves danger to the health and lives 
of the pupils ; to say nothing of the great waste of fuel. 

The questions in reference to the languid or fresh appearance 
and postures of the pupils are difficult to answer ; first, because 
the rules forbid faulty postures, and secondly, because the pres- 
ence of a casual visitor would serve to dissipate for the time 
any tendency to exhibit languor or debility. Also as regards 
Question No. 11, I may say that cases of headache and various 
nervous disorders are frequently met with, which appear to be 
either caused or aggravated by some circumstances connected wi th 
school duties and discipline. But whether these troubles arise 
from the influence of foul air, or hot air, or too long confinement 
in one position, or improperly fitting school clothing, or excessive 
application, or undue anxiety to excel, or from some obscure 
physical weakness, is a question that can rarely be decided with 
positive certainty. A certain degree of liability to ill health 
seems to be inseparable from the discipline of school life, how- 
ever carefully and judiciously such discipline may be improved, 
and particularly does this appear to be the case in girls, who 
may be just passing one of the most critical periods of life. 

A word as to the various buildings. The John M. Ogden 
School is the only one in which the cesspool is offensive, and in 



26 

this case the offensiveness results from its location in a narrow 
space with high walls on either side which protect it from 
lateral currents of air so that the effluvium rises to the school- 
room windows. Would not self-acting traps in combination 
with a tall flue, remedy the matter ? The cellar of this build- 
ing is damp, with pools of standing water at times. The faulty 
grading of the cellar floor renders the drain useless. The light 
on the east side is seriously obstructed by adjacent buildings. 

The Robert T. Conrad and Wm. D. Kelly Schools have no 
ventilation except by doors and windows, the ventilators being 
closed, andrendered useless in one case by rust, and in the other 
by rubbish. One of the third-story rooms of the Kelly School, 
is kept oppressively hot by the heating of the woodwork sur- 
rounding the hot-air flue. There is evidently a serious defect 
here, to which I would respectfully urge immediate attention. 

Tha Monroe School exhibits a slight defect in its heating ar- 
rangements, which has already been referred to. The cellar 
also contains at times a considerable quantity of water. This 
cellar I believe is not provided with a drain. 

The ventilating apparatus of the Hancock Grammar Schools 
includes two traps in each room (except one, which has none at 
all). One of these traps is near the ceiling, and the other near 
the floor, both opening directly into a warm flue. This arrange- 
ment is an excellent one when properly managed, but productive 
of mischief and discomfort when mismanaged. In cold weather 
the upper trap should rarely be opened, except to cool off the 
room. The lower one should be open always. The examination 
showed several instances in which the lower trap was closed, 
and the upper one open. The cords by which the traps are 
controlled are all broken, and many of the traps themselves are 
unmanageable In the new portion of the building the ventil- 
ation is not sufficient for one-third as many pupils as it was de- 
signed to accommodate ; the vents being too small, too few in 
number, and placed on the wrong side of the rooms. In Miss 
Williams' room (third stoiy front), one of the two little outlets 
is boarded over. 



27 

The Hancock Primary Schools, located at Twelfth Street and 
Ely's Avenue, above Brown Street, occupy the most uncomfort- 
able and unwholesome school-building in the section ; unwhole- 
some first from want of ventilation ; secondly, from low ceilings ; 
thirdly from overcrowding. There is no ventilation whatever, 
except through the doors, windows, and chinks ; the average 
height of the ceilings is eight feet eleven inches, beneath which 
in three rooms, each 37 by 35 feet, there are crowded 520 children, 
giving to each child about sixty-six cubic feet of air space. I 
cannot add anything to the force of this unvarnished statement 
except by mentioning the additional fact that within three hours 
after the opening of the session, I found in the lower room .3 per 
cent, of carbonic acid, in the second story .52 per cent., and in the 
third story .56 per cent., and this too while in the first story there 
were five windows open an average of 8 inches each ; in the 
second story, six windows, an average of 12 inches, and in the 
third story, seven windows, an average of 8 inches. What .the 
condition of these rooms must have been during those bleak 
days of the past winter, when the windows could not be left 
open, must be left to the imagination of those who did not ex- 
perience it, to the remembrance of those whose duties compelled 
them to endure it, and to the feelings of those to whom it has 
brought sickness and suffering, and perhaps permanent loss of 
health. I respectfully submit to your Board, that we cannot 
too strongly urge the speedy removal of this school to some 
other and better building. 

In conclusion, let me express the hope that my report may be 
found to aid you, at least in some degree, in your untiring efforts 
to promote the interests of our schools. I have the honor to sub- 
scribe myself 

Very respectfully. 

Your obedient servant, 

PEMBEKTOJST DUDLEY, M. D. 



28 

EIGHTEENTH SECTION. 

General Remarks. 

As a rdsumd of the facts embodied la the accompanying re- 
ports, I would state, that during my sanitary inspection of 
the Public Schools of the Eighteenth Section, the truth of the 
following statements became apparent : 

1. That not a single school-house had ventilating arrange- 
ments of the slightest use, with the exception of the new Fin- 
letter building, and even the apparatus of that very recently 
constructed edifice was wholly insufficient. 

2. That in consequence of such deficient ventilation, particu- 
larly in cold weather, not only do the children and teachers 
become languid and unfit for study, but their lives are greatly 
jeopardized from the inhalation and re-inhalation of a vitiated 
atmosphere ; my experiments showing, one room observed, to 
have contained, during the hour of examination, the dangeroas 
percentage of 32 parts of 0. 0^ in 10,000, and in several, the 
amount was found to be over one part in 1000. 

3. That the only practicable method of securing a tolerable 
supply of pure air in the various rooms, was by the uncomfort- 
able and hazardous resource of open doors and windows. 

4. That the condition of the privies of the various schools, 
was, with few exceptions, simply abominable, and notwithstand- 
ing the fact that my observations were made in the Richmond 
school, on one of the coldest days, a fearful odor from the 
privies pervaded the entire lower story of the buildings, 

5. That although the style of desks used in the various schools, 
may be good enough, yet, owing to the total neglect of proper 
care in placing children of difl'erent sizes at desks of heights 
suitable to them, they, in a vast majority of cases, assume 
habitually " faulty postures," both in sitting and standing, and 
many, likewise, from the same cause, become the victims of de- 
fects of the visual organs. 



29 

6. And that, finally, owing to all the before mentioned causes 
and some others, — absence of ventilation, improper selection of 
desks, " cramming " of studies, and ill-arranged school sessions, 
— the rising generation, although, perhaps precociously culti- 
vated intellectually, does not promise to be a race of Spartan 
physique. 

Such then, being the very apparent facts, I would briefly 
offer a few commonplace 

Suggestions. 

1. Every school-building, old or new, whether heated by 
stoves or hot-air furnaces, should be supplied with a ventilating 
apparatus, amply sufficient to render its atmosphere during 
school hours, especially in cold weather, comfortably pure, with 
all doors and windows closed. 

2. The privies should be daily inspected by the janitors, and 
kept, particularly in warm weather, well deodorized by proper 
disinfectants, and what is called the "key system," should, as 
far as is practicable, be introduced into the schools. 

3. Desks, of at least three different heights, should be fur- 
nished to every large class-room, and special care should be 
exercised by the teachers in properly locating children of dif- 
ferent stature. The custom of changing seats every two weeks, 
should cease, and the old-time way of having the children 
occupy their class rank only while at recitation should be 
revived. 

4. Finally, all " cramming " systems should be abolished. 
The double, daily school session should be replaced by a single 
session, with half-hour recess, and the children should all be 
dismissed by 2 P. M., thus enabling them not only to avoid ac- 
quiring the peculiarly American habit of rapid dining, but, 
also, giving them opportunity for that complete relaxation of 
body and mind, so necessary to the healthful development of 
all young people. 

J. GILBERT YOUNG, M. D. 

1000 Shackamaxon Street. 



30 

GENERAL SUMMAEY. - 

Summary and remarks concerning Public Schools of Phila- 
delphia, based upon the answers of physicians to printed ques- 
tions, upon several general reports, and upon a chemist's report. 

Formal reports upon printed blanks are made as to forty-four 
schools. The examinations were made in the winter and early- 
spring, at different hours and in various weather, by eleven 
different physicians. 

The request in connection with question 3, to report upon two 
or more rooms, has not generally been heeded. In most cases 
one room only has been examined. 

The space allowed to each pupil is too small. The average 
of rooms reported is 143 cubic feet per pupil. The range is 
from 272 down to 66, in different schools. Even with efficient 
ventilation, the space should not fall short of 200 or 300 cubic 
feet. 

The " sensible condition" of the air [3. 5.] seems to bear little 
relation to the amount of carbonic acid discovered to be present. 
The exact percentage of the latter ingredient is stated only by 
two or three reporters, and in regard to thirty-one rooms in 
some twenty schools. Whether estimated by weight or by 
volume is not specified. The ratio of .56, or 6% parts in 
10,000, reported in one room, is very extreme. In many rooms 
however the percentage is not extreme, as in those cases where 
it ranges from .05 to .10 per cent. The average for thirty- one 
rooms is .18 per cent. The examination of ten schools by a 
professional chemist, as given in his special report, exhibits an 
average of .1315, and a range of from .06 to .21 per cent. In 
these last, and in nearly all the other cases, it is expressly 
stated that windows were open. Two analyses of external air 
showed the presence of .0288 and .03205 per cent, of 0. O2, — ■ 
the proportion normally varying somewhat with the weather 
and other conditions. 

Light, \3e. and 3d.] though usually sufficient, is occasionally 
inadequate in particular rooms. 



81 

In considering the reported area of inlets and outlets, [3e.] 
it should be remembered that these are often obstructed. 

From the reported temperature [3f.], we learn that the 
schools are very generally overheated. This is in spite of the 
almost invariably open windows, — which are a violation of the 
specifications made in the question. The temperature in indi- 
vidual cases reached 84°, 82°, 80°, 78°, and a number of times 
75° and more. The only marked instances of the opposite 
fault reported are single temperatures of 58° and C0°. 

Answers to Question ^, show that a score of the schools ex- 
amined have no " system of ventilation" whatever. The others 
have various devices and appliances, variously described. 

As to these "systems" being ''in order," as asked about in 
Question 5, some fifteen affirmative and nine negative replies 
are given. 

Question 6,15 answered by a unanimous and emphatic negative. 
The general reports of several observers, and the report of the 
chemist, agree with the tabulated returns, in representing open 
windows as absolutely necessarv to keep the air of our school- 
rooms tolerable. 

In response to Question 7, pupils in nineteen rooms are 
reported " fresh," in eight " moderately fresh," and in a dozen 
"languid," — often with additions, as "restless," "flushed," 
etc. This, too, in the presence of open windows. The opera- 
tions of a stranger taking observations would have a tendency 
to arouse attention and dispel the signs of languor. This 
influence may have probably affected the replies to this question 
and the following. 

A "bad posture in sitting" is affirmed in sixteen cases, and 
expressly denied in twenty-six. 

An " erect" posture in standing is affirmed in about twenty- 
two instances. In thirteen the reverse is reported, while in 
many cases the pupils were not seen on their feet. 

In response to Question 10, we find the desks designated as 
" Uhlinger's" in some twenty-five cases, and " Bancroft's" in 



about a dozen. Several reporters describe them simply as 
"patent/' "the usual pattern," etc. Opinions as to suitability 
are extremely diverse. One point however is often remarked 
upon, viz. : a lack of relation between the shape and height of 
the desks and the stature of the pupils. 

In a dozen or fifteen instances, the replies to Question 11 
mention "headache" as more or less frequent in the schools. 
Some seventeen answers are in the negative. " Sleeplessness" 
and " nervous debility" are each once named. Eemote influ- 
ences affecting health will be further noticed hereafter. 

Question 12, as to bad smell, is answered in the negative 
thirty-eight times, and in the affirmative five times. Privies 
were usually the source of ofi"ence. 

The cleanliness of cellars, privies, and drains, — Question 13, — 
is reported " good" in twenty-five instances, " bad" in thirteen 
and " fair" in six. Wet or damp cellars and foul privies are 
especially noted in a few cases. 

General remarks, and matters not covered by the printed 
queries, are briefly noted upon many returns. Several gentle- 
men, too, have prepared reports upon the schools of a section 
collectively, or upon such imperfections of our schools as have 
fallen especially under their notice. Some of these are well 
worth perusal. A very valuable report by the assistant to the 
professor of chemistry in the Boys' High School, contains 
analyses of air from ten school-rooms, and from out of doors. 

Some of the points covered by these more extended remarks 
and reports may be here noticed. 

The atmosphere of the school-rooms is terribly bad, except 
when windows are kept open. Practically there is no other 
means of ventilation. When some pretence to a system exists 
it is usually wretchedly inadequate or wholly inoperative. 
Concerning the use of shafts, inlets, outlets, and valves, the 
teachers are usually ignorant or careless. Openings are 
choked with rubbish, boarded up, or kept shut by rusted valves 
aud broken cords. In one building, air-shafts were altered into 



33 

closets. In several instances teachers and pupils were made 
'' almost sick " by a temporary closure of windows for experi- 
ments. 

The rooms examined by Mr. Thomson, the chemist, are said 
to be very favorable specimens of our schools, being all of 
recent construction. Even here, windows were constantly 
open. A very intelligent observer believes that some slight 
alterations in the ventilating flues of these newer buildings 
would render them operative and efficient. 

This same observer states a fact often overlooked, when he 
reminds us that a very liberal use of fuel is necessary to any 
proper ventilation in cold weather. 

Some school-rooms, we learn, are heated by close stoves, 
and in at least one, coal-gas escapes freely from the numerous 
joints of a long stove-pipe. 

Although no question is designed to elicit information as to 
animal emanations in the close air of the schools, some expres- 
sions used by reporters are significant. "Foul," "intolerable," 
and " mephitic," are words suggestive of something more than 
carbonic acid gas. 

The chemical report already mentioned, and one of the gene- 
ral reports, give clear expression to what we believe to be the 
true relation between carbonic acid and animal exhalations in 
their bearings upon the fitness of air to support respiration. 
As both impurities arise from the presence and the breathing 
of living beings, both will increase and diminish together, ac- 
cording as the air is repeatedly inspired, or freely changed and 
renewed. If, then, in a crowded room we find twice as much 
C. O2 as in one less populous, we may infer the same pro- 
portionate difference in the organic emanations. Thus the first 
impurity serves, in ordinary circumstances, as a measure for 
the second. 

Moreover it is probably true that the carbonic acid is a less 
noxious contamination than is the animal matter which it 
roughly measures. The broken down organic substance, given 
3 



34 

off from lungs and skin, in minute particles, in gaseous form, 
or dissolved in watery vapor, becomes when concentrated a 
most potent poison. 

Dr. Hammond, in his work on military hygiene, calls atten- 
tion to the symptoms described as attending the decease of the 
victims of the " Black Hole of Calcutta." These were not at 
all the ones characteristic of carbonic acid poisoning, but rather 
of profound animal poisoning. 

It is not to be inferred that carbonic acid gas is not injuri- 
ous. In the proportion of twenty parts to 10,000 it undoubtedly 
is very hurtful; and to be dreaded even in half that amount. 

One source of practical fallacy, in measuring the organic im- 
purities of school air by the amount of C. O^, is liable to exist. 
A portion of the carbonic acid may come, not from the lungs 
of pupils, but from the heaters or stoves. In this case, of 
course, the animal emanations would not be proportionately in- 
creased. 

The amount of watery vapor in the air of school-rooms, is 
stated only by Mr. Thomson in his chemical report. If the 
outer air be dry, or if a moist external air be carefully ex- 
cluded, the proportion of moisture in the confined air would 
afford some indication of the extent to which it had become 
saturated with exhalations from the lungs. Otherwise, the 
moisture within the walls will vary with that of the external 
air. Of course, any inferences as to contamination, from the 
moisture of a school atmosphere, would be invalidated by the 
presence of evaporating pans in the hot air-chambers. 

The analysis of air expired from the lungs, is highly in- 
structive. It shows, by volume, 3.7848 per cent, of C. Oo, 
and 2.658 per cent, of water by weight. 

Improper arrangement of desks and windows, whereby pupils 
have a glare of light in their faces, is often noted as productive 
of discomfort and of ocular disease, 

A form of desk that brings the books too near the pupil's 
eyes, is. undoubtedly, justly noted as a cause of near-sighted- 
ness. 



35 

Cellars are, in several instances, reported as undrained and 
offensive. We believe damp cellars to be fruitful sources of 
disease. 

The privies of several schools are reported to be in a dis- 
graceful condition. " Abominably and indescribably filthy " 
are the words applied to a group. In some cases, emanations 
from these enter the school-rooms through open windows. 

Stables, in close proximity, reader some schools unpleasant 
if not unwholesome. 

Schools are sometimes located in buildings wholly undesigned 
and unfit for such uses. In the Hancock Primary School, we 
find 620 poor little innocents huddled together in three rooms, 
each 37 feet by 35 feet, and not 9 feet high. Windows, from 
five to seven in each room, were open from eight to twelve 
inches, while the tests showed the percentage of C. O^ to be 
.30, .52, and .56. Space for each pupil, 66 cubic feet ; outlet 
for foul air, none ; system of ventilation, none. 

Is not the reporter more than justified in his indignant pro- 
test against such abuse of our children ? 

B. L. RAY, M. D. 

So09 Baring Street, 



36 

Questions propouitded to Teachers, in regard to the 
Condition of Pupils, Teachers, Schools, etc. 

1. Date of making report. 

2. Name of school and location. 

3. Number of classes, of scholars, of teachers, and of rooms 

used for study. 

4. Does the air get foul in the rooms, or too dry ? 

6. Does the ventilating apparatus give you enough fresh air, 
or do you have to open the windows ? 

6. Can you hy any means keep the air always tolerably pure, 

as well as warm enough ? 

7. How many rooms have windows in front of the scholars ? 

8. Of the other rooms, how many are lighted hoik from the 

side and rear ? 

9. How many rooms are cut off from a portion of light by 

adjoining buildings ? 

10. How many are sufficiently lighted in all parts, even on 

(ordinary) cloudy days ? 

11. How many scholars are known to you and the other teach- 

ers, who have weak or sore eyes, or near-sight, or other 
defect of vision ? 

12. Are all the desks and seats of one size in each room ? 

13. Have you any remarks to offer as to the merits of the 

desks and seats ? 

14. Have your scholars used gymnastics ? and if so, with what 

results ? 

15. Do scholars or teachers suffer from headache, lassitude, 

nervous debility, nose-bleed, or other affections which 
may be attributed to circumstances connected with the 
school ? Reply as fully as you choose, with accounts of 
any cases you choose to give. 

16. What is the average temperature of one or two of your 

school-rooms — say four feet from the floor, in the middle 
of the room ? State also the temperature at one foot 
from the floor, and- at seven feet. 

17. Out -door temperature. 



37 

Questions propounded to Physicians, in regard to the 

CONDITION OF PUPILS, TeACHERS, SCHOOLS, ETC. 

1. Name of school. 

2. Date and hour of day of examination, and state of the 

weather. 

3. Select two or more rooms, representing the better as well as 

the poorer part of the school-house, and in each state— 

a. Number of cubic feet of air to each pupil belonging 

to the room. 

b. Sensible condition of air, and percentage of CO2— . 

c. Sufficiency or insufficiency of light. 

d. Whether adjoining buildings intercept light. 

e. Number of square inches of opening for inlet of air, 

and the same for outlet. 
/. Temperature of middle of room, four feet from floor. 
(The rooms are not to have been specially aired for 
at least twenty or thirty minutes before making the 
observation.) 

4. What system of ventilation is employed ? 
6. Is it in good order ? 

6. Does it supply enough air without opening windows ? 

7. Are the scholars languid, or fresh in appearance ? 

8. Are they in faulty postures, — twisted or stooping too much ? 

9. Are their forms erect when they stand ? 

10. What kind of desks are used? If a well-known pattern, 

merely state the name. Add comments on suitability 
of the desks and seats at your option. 

11. Are you aware of headaches, loss of sleep, loss of strength, 

or other injurious results, traceable to circumstances 
connected with this or other schools? State your own 
experience as fully as you choose. 

12. Are there any smells in the schools from drains, cellars, or 

privies ? 

13. What is the state of cleanliness in these places ? 



Br5i 

Question 

WHAT syst; 

F VENTILA 

IS employe; 



-A-BSTiBt-^OT C^p^ P^H"^SIOI.A.ISrS^ lE^iEIPOI^TS- 



N A M E 



SCHOOL. 



nMchM- St«sAiy 



LOCATION. 



■■.-nth Street, lielow Catbarim 




i\tli und Christian Streets 

1 1 ii--^lian Slroot^ bolow SiiUi... 

T^jira Strcot, alwvo Pine 

Sixth Street, above Lombard... 

Spnicw Street, bdow Sixth 

I.-,Hiii-t :ui>l Twontj-eocond Sts. 
[■:.iniiMimi Ave. iind Sixth Street 



Garden Street, below Buttonwood' 
FaimiouQt Ave., ah. Twelfth 
Wood Strnot, above Twelfth. 
Slelon Street, below Twelfth 
Tweinii niid Wistur Street... 
Wood Street, liolow Twoltth. 
Twelfth Street, fibovo Brown ■ 

I 

jliirlboro Street, nbove TIioinp«oni 
l':iliuor Street, ubovo ThompBoii.. 
Alien St.. below yruiikford Kuud 



Marlboro Street, ub. Thompson. 
Allen Street, below! 
Balmor Street, nbo 
OtlH imd Bi-lgrtido 



10 A.M. 
10.30 



Xl.MA.M. 
]'.'.a(i P.M. 



11.46 A.M. 
11 A.M. 



RiLin 



IM.ISo/ 

30li'l 
-2-20Uv.lf 
{Ubj 



250, 140) 
178,1 



Cleur tind mild 
Clmr nnd cool 



.. 1 



f Oloudy.dnnin 
Diimi» nnd wiiri 



S3 1 C»rroll rrinmr:^ Sulnioil Street, ubovo Somowut. 

85 I Irving Consolidated 

25 Gtergc B. SIcClellan Seconiliirj 

25 I Randolph ConBOlldatod 

25 Bftyiinl TiiyliT ConBolidutwV.... 



KdBmuoiiliuidNefrSlryelB 

Nlautown , 

Turner Street, ubovo Yeiiutigo.,, 
Judlnuii Avenue mid B Street... 
Jotn>rson nud Twenty-third Sis. 



run 
tiauj 



/ Good— 



Good— W. 0. aOa.1 



182 ^A 

m,ni) 

■001 



a Oa, cxce.is 

C. Oa .10. .19. •} 

Goud— (ill. ) 

(!. 0.. .Oil. .10. I 

iJ C.0j,.16 

( C.Oa,.20 j 

il]cuuy|Qy^^ .16J 

„ ; C. 0., .24 1 



ClosoAwarm-^C.( 



JOO, 80— A' 
100, la-V- At. 140 
TotiilRvenyjo,143 



Good— W. 0. C.Oa- 



OlOBo and Poul \ 



\ 0. Oj, .051. 

f Close — bftd smclli 



G.Oa, .11. 
Tolomble. 



rSumpic^iiI. 1 



B 



[375,444 / 



3S } 



144 (?) 
"IteAtcd"! 



{ i } 



{ V} 



I. 6S- J 



t MS I 



{ ,^.i'- } 
{^- } 

{S° } 



Flues from cellar ii 



(Surface Aceiiiiig)- Xone(? 



(doors and windows. J 

fCold ftir registere, nuts"( 



t Traps near flooi 
fne.ntcd flues m 



Hot nir register. 

Third (loornoiiQ. Wnrm 

Icr in cauli floor bolow. 



Nono 

(&e remarks). 



/ Cold air flue in floor atop- ) 



Begislera near the floor., 



Q. 6. 1 Q. 7. a. 8. I Q. 9. Q. 10. Q. 11. Q, 12. Q. 13. 



. and restless, j" 
'flushed and I 



GENERAL' REMARKS. 



f Uhlinger's uud 1 

X Bancroft's. J 

Uhlinger's 



I Uhlinger's. ' j 



/Bancroft's, and) 
jold style. ; 



Suitiiblu; Bancroft' 
Uhlinger' 



Suitaldo; Uhlinger". 

{5£!°^™""} 

fSuitable; Uhlin- 

L Bancroft's. 
UhUnger'H 



f yes: 






ircompbdnl 
I of head- | 






Bail. Wolor-l } ll.:.i 
cov(.re OoorV v 



Selioliiri iiU fiico lightj much wuniliUut of gltuv 



1 S.imu..i.lliiB> niil..v. Nu llu.n.ioiosl,.r. No vontllmlou.„1 



( In othor schools, ) 
iycs. j 

Frc(]ucnt hoiulucho. 



Sliniio of ilMka provoiiu ai 



:iT.\ 



other HC 


""-■"■ 








„„„..... 



Ucodaclie 

L 



nendoohe 

/ Headache and) 
taleepIwflncM. / 

j Jleadnchc andl 



•nslvoBtrtbles near by.. 



niuuagod 

lloatbnOly dliitrlbuli'( 



Buslcc poorly iidupl 
Mght iFi rr,..il i.Kd 



■V Weeks, SI. B. 
rCB.ltrtnel{, 



I 



■ r. n.j, (wliidnwn bi-iiiR cloMil) KLiveml [iit- 



In nppcr room loinp<: 



80° 8om«r.K>iMK over-; 

) Ho proper adaptation iJotwonn wl/n of duikn nndof pupH", U / W. H . W 
i rendering i>OHitlunii constnilnud and unuiuinrLablii )\\ M. B, 



1,<.» 


{ 


im 




«« 




,»« 




i»« 


l''ov'lim"M. 


m- 


VlU'lUlL-lW. 


imi 


l-,„.,„>.». 


180,, 


llol Air. 


""" 


( 


'"'■' 


l,-,,,™,.,,. 



* C. O i> l.oro expressed .13 cilled for bv tlio question-iu ;,<■,■ «„(,ijt, „, ■■ IConai„gio„ S«oond»ry " C. 0, .128 or ^V »t one !-« oeut. ; 
The principal pmnu, laUaled ,,n,l,.r Goner»1 Reiimito w,U „l,o bo foumliu my » SumZry »nd E«m»rks.'' "^ ' 



ly expressed, V2^i; parts m 10,000. " W. 0." is written when reporter directs attention to the fact that windows are open. When (lifforont i 



ftportel upon, tlio ii[ipor rooms are paced above rni'ldlo an'l lower. Average in brr 

/i. L. 7</IV, M. P., 35og Baring Sh-ect. 



TEACHERS SUFFEE 
E, LASSITUDE, NEE- 
. NOSE BLEED. OR 



What is the Average 
Temperature of ojie 
or more of your 



&^M.mE 



SCHOOL HOUSES. 



LOCATION. 



r^i H^fcSv*oo* 


BtwcKlMidGtwn 

Sfrj'^wiut Strc«t.«K Ninth... 
S*v*nih M,d Dickiiisoii.. 

Csrptnter.flUive Sixth 

CiilhariiK-.aU.vi. Third 

EistlhandKu«^U.-r 


G. I. Riche 

Georgu W. Fetter.. „ 

WilUam Jti\.w:i 

Anna Anthony 

M. P. Shurp 

A.M.R>«n 


V r= :. i-.v^GraaiKarSdlCol 




c^« Girts* Cnuun»r School. 






Vf. Heni-j' Parkur 


J. t^intt Eb4^' G nsuaKT Sebool— Ool'd 


Sxth, ahore Lombard 


J.I«»»Oirts-Gi»ioa»r SehooI-Col-d 




•':*:« EiaarT (Site' GrMam»r Sdiool.. 




-.» Km3«y Eoys" Grammair S^ooL. 




Nicholas H.Maguir*. 






E J Brodio 


i.-<stii Westem Girls* Grammar School- 


Twelfth and Lociist 

Siac-l*eiith St.. ah. Cliestnut 










William Stirling 




K*j«»TC B.-VS- Grammar School 


TVilliam Brown 




Bace bet..«- FiHocnlh 






Third Slr-.et, Li-low Green... 
Fainnounl Aye. Jt Sixth St... 


C Henry Kain 


V iib*-d« Girt- Grajumar School- 


A Claudine Ro • 




A J Mormon 




S A Hensz^^y 


"-omins Bovs* Grammar School 






Bo -GTamirar<!cfaool 






co^ G- 1=- Grammar School. 


Fairmount Ave., ah. 12th St. 
" 20th SI.. 








U_ In Giriz Gnimmar ^hool 


- - Bo -r 5c> L 


L. A. Ridgt- 




T,n.,...,o..i-ff- ^^ ^ 


" 




Loaio--- E._.rs- Grammar School 

Tanrfiaii Boys Gnmrnar School 

Tan^Ein Giifc" Grammar School 

■ff. H. HoniH- Giris' Grammar Schijol. 
W.H-HniiterBoTs'Grammar School. 




Marlborough ab. Thompsou 
Miischeraud Diiiiphin 


W. L. SajTC 


Ea-Jefise Girl^ Grammar School 

pKt ATenae Bojs' Grammar Schwl.. 
Park ATeno*- Giife* Grammar Schu>il. 
Manarank Girf Gnmmar School.... 
Mwaymik Bojs' Grammar School. ... 




,! Pi.rk .\vc., b-l. Muster St.... 




iBabellaShaw 

; Kobort T. Murphy 

li. BurroiiKh 



■ Grammar School*!"'- '' " " i 

ir-nrr Heifceri GirU' Grammar School.] Fmukford Ave. A FoulUroil.. 
lI-iniyHeibcrx Boys' Grammar School., " " " 

Ij-^lmoni Boys' Grammar School ! Fony-first und Ori-gon 

t:*rlmoat Girls' Grammar School '" " 

nallrtrell Girls' Grammar School , Fr'ttni Ud., bi-1. Allegli'y Av. 

Hatliwell Eoye' Grammur School " " " 

E. M. Swnton Girlif Grammar School...' Swvenlicuth and Chri^liuu,,. 
E.M. Stanton Boys' Grammar School... " " 

Sewton Girii* Grammar School- ' Thirty.«igbth 4 Spruce Sla.. 



Frederick F. Chri 



EdsiirA.EIng-ir, 



iEojV 



E«ynold= Boys' Grammar School-, 
EqTiolda Giris" Grammar School... 



Tirentleth and JofTor 



J. F. C. Sickol 
} Edward Gldeo 
, M. Ueloii Dur 



b.24, IS75 
'- 2C, 1876 
irch 6, 1876 



12, 1875 
. IJ, 1S7G 



Foul ocwiaionally.. 
Foul anddr^' 

Frequently becomt: 
Frequently foul...., 
Kot often 






I ally by M'in 



Both 

Sometimes 



Frequently gets foul 



fApt to ( 



*j-v Cft-.^ 'Th^ n-^^^arv sapporfc to tho back, which acliolars retiuiro when not 

._- ^.'-,^-^. -,^,. ^ r-' 1 v,,rilf.flby the desksandseats in xiPOiQ ourflcliool-rooma, 

■ J. particularly by the larger pupils, to seek support 

, hence the practice of lounging, to prevent which 

: : . _ „ . -:^inthemiddleofeachmorningse?sionourscholars 

- -i: taarclnr.,:. and such gymnastic movement? as thoy ciin execute, 

■^-- thev are by closely fitting dresses, and the contracted space which 

■ '.he schoolroom afford. Everv day's use of these exercises confirms 

_ .,. . .:. meir utility. Chil>]r..-ri canT.^.l r-.-mrun m tli.nr ..■ai- ;,u.i devote their 

li-.V.LV.oii to etudy, no matter i. . lor three, or 

even tiro, honrBWithout br ll there is a 

■Diay-eround attached to the t M'^d to have 

'■ zi-'vii' tl.ti'i, i;i''-T are not -A'.- ■ . ' ■ i ive sfort, lest 

:..r . :■- :_ "■" ■"''j'^ar, the girk may hcixnw: rude or llie neij^libors may com- 

"■. -7 mmt, therefore, walk about or Btand, often exposed to the 



Frequently gets foul. 



Bucomcs very foul... 



Vyntilators uiieless 

Obliged to open windows. 



I Ventilators do not 
\ ojien the windows. 
Obliged to open the 



Obliged to open window 



yenlilators boarded u] 
Ilrtvo to open wiudowi 



J A^cntilating appfiratus scanty. Ob- 
Necessary to open the n-indows 



f No ventilating apparatus. Obliged j 

JNi-. '.-■ V|fr|,,t;,.n ■;! ^liv room e.tcepti 



J" Insufficient vontilatora. Open the 1 
t windows. ; 



I fresh a 

Wo lower windows 

/Ventilators insuflicient. Open t1 
admit cnouj 
LpcUed to op I 



w.„ 


n f;L.nonilly-. 


C»in,o 




Yis... 




\\ve.it 


uiltoteop)' 
duringcolU U 


Not in 


coltlwoither.. 


{»t; 


tewSl™.} 


Only 


n one raom.... 


No 


Have 


no (Ufficnlty... 


Yes 




nvo 


nileavor tol 


/Tolerably pure,| 


Wee. 


u ^vitb cave... 




nnot 






In an 


omsonly 


Not in 


cold wmither. 










All l>i 


t one 


Yes... 





/No; only by 1 

f Not always wt 






I windows... 



Generally pi 
Cannot 

Not always.. 



{£^-} 









weak.WlneJirfiighted; 

Twc^ntylhieo 
loar sighted, IS weak. 
< have defective viaiot 
wefik, 26 near sightei. 



Eighteen 
Sixteen en so 
Seventeen 



Seniorubiss single) 
.desks. bul.l Size.; 



'f^^'^ 



J Nine near sighted, 39 

I weak eyes. 

J Ten near sighted, It 



Senior clnas Singh 



OFTEB AS 10 THE S 



Well adapted to purpose intended,.. 



linger pattern, and consider tliem | 



tlhliDgei pa 
They are coi 



Well adaplcd li 



Thoy are comfor table... 
Too straight and stiff..., 
Bancroft's desks ; too h 



Single desks... 
fin three rooi 



/Prefer tho Uhlinger patter 
,ngor desk la fur auporio 






Y08— satisfactory ri 
Yes— porcepUblo n 



TeupenATUBi 

SOIIOOL ROOM 



Ho particular c 
sovontj'-e 



ilditin of lieaduclii 



LT, 30.1-7, WHfl rVom 1 



Wot to any great uxtout, 

Doth teauliura and Hcholnrs sufYur 






Desks iu sixth 



Bcliolar's body. / 



/Tlioy hiivo; lia 
/Yes; want of t 



A a regular Bchoo! uxi 
except playing In the yard 
/Too little to be of any lieni 



Small] 



00 high forBmall bo, 
of adjustability of d 
'^ """^ ;o betwe'e; 






)■ 







;>„ 










■IKJ- 


-Wl" 




.11 




•S'iri 


,H, 


00 


07 


,11 


■M 


i",lonnlly n 1 
n.no liloe,l. ) 


in 
r iTii 


dl»h 

ri-cort 


Iwunt 
liei.t 


■i". 


•a 

3S 


...rinnomllol 


01 


7ii; 

71.H 


72 
71.8 


r,l 


•17 
SI 




.-.11-01 




f,U-00 


.•«-.. 


Ki 




■ 




I 


.IT, 


' 


0» 


72 


m 


311 


6a 


i 


I! 


» 


72 


MM 


00 



"M'" 



the outer garment-s which they wear to 
? school-room, and the scholars, at least 
;ome of them employ the time in study, 

-: Uieir failures aud successes in the re- 
".-i.'d to enjoy a romp must bo restrained 
render it dangerous. By the use of* 



nded, while all its 
ed from the physical exercise 






ary Schools, will'-" i'ir>-:ii^ li. !>.-.■ vi 
abaence for some we.'ka that thoy mi 
the heavy pressure brought to bear i 



It. iiavt- Iho rest absolutely necessary after 
them to fit them to pass the examination 



for promotion. With others, who have for a term been thus overworked, the 
reaction has been such that for months they have seemed to retrograde rather 
than advance in their studies. We have now in our schools, children from 
twelve to fourteen years old, who study every night until eleven or twelve 
o'clock, and thi= they continue to do m spite of remonstrance from their 
teai'br.rj :-;nm,-. 1,.:,,.'^- pursued this course until their physicians have prononnced 
till'!!. ■ : ■k.:-n down" in constitution and have ordered them to 

Ik. 1-. ^.hool;-! recall two cases in our school of death from 

bin., : ii',' har-i study and over anxiety for advancement. The 

ruia-;, :.. .. . 1",^= nr>t m Ht> hand.? 'Tf teachers or school authorities. 

ProHiutiuii- ll ■: ■ , I. ■i.-i- -i-.vi.' iim-^t. h<- inade IVora those who approach 

nearfcst the si,.''- I ■ : , ■ . ■ ,:i. ,ii i..[i^ n>i[iur'"l for such higher grade. To test 
these qualilii'.iu.. ., . ■. ...■. l '.m- ^oiu'-- ^x^iniinaiion. By threats of punishment 
and offers of r-v.-'ud, miLiJiaous puronts urge their children beyond their 
ability to work for theie e.\;an^ination3, and if they fail to pass them, theseparenta 
often pronounce the teachers inefficient, and desire to place their children under 



others more expert in the process of 

hands of parents. They need not enc 

if they would have them educated without i 

be willing to allow them to remain long eno 

is allotted for study to that division. None 

ers themselves of the want of thorough ins. 

the want of thorough understanding on the part ol^ schol 

in our public schools. The cause is not t' 

the indifference or incompetency of teacli 

but is to be found in the fact tli 

properly done in the time now allotted to 

11 loth Sect. To accommodate 25, more than a year 
appropriated a sum large enough to build twp Wings to 
has not been used. 

1[17th Sect. This holds good for three rooms, the other two i 
and 50', on account of Defective Heating Apparatus. 



min"." The remedy docs lie in the 
fhoi'r children in waste of time, but 
lental and physical injury they must 
igh in each division to acquire what 
ire more deeply sensible than teach- 
nstruction on the part of teachers and 
of the subject* U. 

It is not tdat we teach too much, 
attempt to do much more than can be 



path Sect. If position of desks > 
**17tli Sect. Tliey are narrow, u 

ttlSth Sect. In tho Senior Uiafl-H.Hlii; ■■ 
itl9th Sect. liooms are too smal r - 
^^irnh Sect. In February, the thi : 

and 60^ Heating appariiUi.-; Is inN -■ ' 

quite cold. For (In , ' i 
||||24th Sect. ^' ■ 

ing the iloor. ]'( 
i larger pupil-', 'I 

j forearm i ■. .n ■ . , ■. : niuin.ii i"',-.Mi.j 
Some .]. - ■■■■■. liiatmi^iiig 

rest till' ■,'. ■ ■ i-l^;'! of th( deBK' 

' Bhonldi.T ;i ll I'l >■■ 111 .1'- I'ody fortard ir 

I this fru.juciii-ly m tii.- ...uoondary Soool. 
curved would he preferable to etrajht on 

1 ff New BuildinKS in course of erction. 



nfortal.ln henchef 



III cloudy days. 

1 i}" to 12° and 48'' to 58" 

i'liri;;, making south eidtj 

■ '■■■ ''.'■ '■';llar at presents 

'■' tVjot from reach- 

[■rovided for the 

!'Upil to rest tho 



.L^,., .lua b.uki aligUtlx~ 




K3 OR TEACHERS SUFFER 
ADACHE, LASSITUDE, NER- 
BILITT, NOSE BLEED, OE 

ifER AFFECTIONS WHICH 
ATTRIBUTED TO CIRCUM- 
CONNECTED WITH THE 



"\T:iAT IS Tiir: Aithaoe 
Temperature of one 

OR Mor>E OF YOUR 
ScnOOL-ROOMS ? 



j In some ro(j ' 52° 

( is impossi 

( Always in: schulars suffer from Iiearlache 

I never con 

Impossible 

Cannot 

Xot always.. 52 

Not in cold it 55 



53° 

53 

61 

60 

56 

55 



58° 
60 
65 
64 



20° 

30 

50 

20 

23 

23 



SCHOOL HOUSES. 



Wr-vvatcvv Girts" S<wn<iaiy Scliool- 

S WecPaco* Boys" S«wiidAry Scliool- 

' Ti»ri»w Boys' S*c«>iidMy School 

~'r:j' SocoadkTy Schools 

".Alton lioys" ScoondRi^- School. „ 

.r,;irtoa Gilts' Swxmdnry School.... 

V S Boys' SeoNnlaiy School « 

" .AingUni Girts' S«oad!iry School.... 
L-liington Boys' Seconduy School.... 

rchcr Boys" Secondary School 

.". u'her Girts' Secondaij School 

li Ljona Girts' Secondary School 

■flS raion Girts' Secondary School 

fl4 Vakta Boys' Secondary Schoul 

15 Kinsgold Boys' .ind Girls' Sec'y School.. 
IS No. 2 Boys' A Girls' Secondary School.. 
17 Xa 3 Boys" a»d Girl^ St'coiidary School 

li Wharton Boys' Secondary School 

13 Wharton Girla'Socondary School 

3) Jos. Forten Coys' & Girls' Sec'y School.. 

S N. E, Boys' Secondary School 

E S.E. Girls' SMoadary School 

2J Boys' Secondary School 

S4 No. 2 Boys" Seconda-y School 

£3 Xo.3 Girls' S«»ndjiry School 

K No. 4 Girls' Secondary School 

iZ No. 5 Boys' A Ciria'Scc'y School— Col'il. 
is IIultiDgsworIb Boys' Secondary School 
*3 nollinss\ronli Girls' Secondary School 
K Zone Street IJojs' & Girls' Scc'y School 
31 Keystone Boys' Secondary School. 
e Xix 4 Boys" Secondary School 






Second and Rce«l Slreots 

Sixth, holow Taskcr 

Seventh and Dickinson 

Fifth St., hcl. Washington A\ 

Templo Etrcot, ah. Twelfth.., 
Caq>ontor, aboYO Ninth 



NAMES 
PRINCIPALS. 



Alaria L. Doman 

Kat« A. Dovoney , 

MaryB. Elsea 

M. BjiU 

Kllonor E. Sandgmn.. 

Kate T.Nugent 

Kiite Jt.Mcaottignn... 
^ MiitUo Ciiulk 



Lrino.nhoro Tenth 

SoTonth, ahovo CUristiau... 



Eighth and Fitzwal 
Twelfth, ahovo TitK 
Fifth Street, above 
Third, holow Pino 



Sixth, below Pino 

Crown Street, above Itnce. 



Twenty-third, below I'ii 
entcenlh and Tini'.. 



AddiHuu 
Ohio Street, ab. TwelfHi. 
Locust, below Fifteenth , 



1; 5 treat, ab. Sevc 
L-onth St., nb. Chestnut 



Oiorr^- Street, ub. J'irieuii 
Itaco, below Fifteenth ..., 
Cbcstorund Maple Strootj 
Cherry, below Blovonth... 
New Market Street 






Noble, below Sixth., 



Sixth St. and I'ulnnuunt / 
Perth Street, lib. Piirrlsh... 



y N. W. Girls' Secondary School 

ts No. 3 Boys' Secondary School 

- -SS - Xo. 4.Girl^.-SeooDdary School ...... 

37 >ladi=on Girls' Secondary School 

"■Lviison Boys' Secondary School 

"liain Coys' Secondary School 

Mitflin Girls' Secondary Seliool 

i\ I'iirsou Girla' Secondary School 

42 P«r&on Boys' Secondary Ediool 

43 Wyoming Girls* Secimihiry School.... 

41 Warner Bo;a' Secondarj- School 

45 J. Q. Adams Boys' Secondary School . 
48 J. Q Adams Girls' Secondary School, 

47 Hancock Boys' Secondary School 

4S Monroe Boy«' Secondary School 

4-' Monn-'e Girls' Secondary School 

1'.. T. Cjnrad Girls' Secondarj" ScIkw 
r ] Tliaddem Stevens Boys' Suc'y Schoo 
."- Livingston Boys' Secondary School., 

Lincoln Girls' Secondarj' Schoul 

:a Bache Girls' Seconchirj- School 

55 Uoffinan Giro' Secondivri' School Sevtmtt 

oOt Charles Sumner Secondary School Dnindy 

C7 Ijindenberger Boys' Secondary School..' Fourth Streo 
5S Landenberger Girls' Secondarj- School.! Fourth, nbov 

T.'j 1 Uarrison Boys' Secondary School Muster, nhovi 

: : I Uarrison Girls Secondarj- School " '• 



MnryE. llelmhold.. 
Slary T. McGottigan 



C. Mead... 
lleckie F. Dm 



lluldoi 



Caroline E. Furber 

Caroline R. Lo Count,, 

Martha .7. IIollls 

Lucy Mcniillagh.: 

II. D. Altwoort 

Slary For 
M. W. Sli 



I Edga. 



a W. Mcllaith., 

h. J.Gaskill 

It, M. Jackson 



Slurtlia Jot 
Mary W.T 
II. 0. Moyc 
M. Bnidfor 
M. E. Byrn 
Slary E. 

II. Uarr 

L. M. Zelgloi 



V. A. Kooi. 



,uasi., ah. CallowhlU 

'"alrniount Av, .V 2QU) St... 
L' won ty -second and Drown 

Jeventuenth and W'itoA 

St., ab. Fifteen 



n. 10. Knight.... 
Ll/xlo S. Cueciu 



h. A, KngivMl...., 
llachel Dvigifs .. 
ElHo StrooiHT... 



•" 1st Sect. Each room has two win.loWA in front of »v\\o\a 
*lstSect. Iq aomo rooms it is impossible to koop tho aii 



SECONDARY SCHOOLS. 



" 10, 1875 
March Jl, 1876 
" 10, 1S75 



32, 1875 
8, 1875 



20, 1875 
15, 187fi 
12, 1870 



■' 10, 1875 
Fob.lO, 1S75 
March 15, 1875 



10, 1875 

12. 1S75 
iiC, 1875 



Extremely foul.... 

Always foul 

It frequently does 



Doth 

Decidedly foul... 



Usually inipnr 
Usually irapui 



f The air Isoftener dry than 1 
t foul. J 
Too dry 

Dotli, iittimi'rf 



..■ntitiiting Appam 
luugh fresh Air, 



(Ventilation not sufBcient, win-) 
I duws liave lo be opened. j 



Not iu cold wcatho 



mm 



o open windows 

o open tliB windows., 
o open windows 



Too dry... 
Both 



have the window, 



Verj- foul 

Too dry 

Sloat rooms get foul and dry.t 

Doth 

Yerj- foul itiid dry 



Ventilating aiiparatus not 



Open windows 



to open windows for all 
,tors. Open the windows. 



1 i'li. 


s 


/Noln 


n extromoly 
dnys. 
Ulndllliol 






Uy do so 


No.il 


'""""' 


v<,vr« 


oWom 


No .... 




Vtl 


thocoldostl 


Never 





I »U) 


purely, byl 


aomo 


■ooiosmnnol.. 


/Only 
I tlH 


?4m 


C»,m„t,„o'.d,vo»lb. 


au.,0 


always 


Xol.ll 


vays 



How many Scholars 
have Weak or Sore 
Eyes, or other defect 



.0 near sighted 



Un-rBighted,Osoroe; 
Twenty-eight 



near sisl.tod, lo) 
eak eyes ) 



Jfl weak eyes, 2 near 



t 



fell suited to the scl 



( desks profemblo. 



holar^ arv allowinl rvcesa — 
_f They hav«<; toleniblj- gvxid i>- \ 
—not sufllciunt) 
(wreuls do not i 






>■..!■ thci 



)0 SCHOLAr.3 OR TEACHERS SUFFER 
FliOM HEAD.\CHB, LASSITUDE, SER- 
VODS DKllIUTY. NOSE BLEED, OR 
.\NV OTHER AFFEOnOX? WHIOH 
MAT HE ATTRIBUTED TO CIRODM- 
STANCES COSN'ECTED \V IT II TOE 
SCHOOL i 



m\wnoi> oftohool iitwosphvi 



No-have no fiiclUtles,,. 



We like them very mueh—Bftncroft'sdeaks 

The desks iire very old iind illliipiilatod. 



("Not liirgo enough fur liiri 
rTheynro adiiptod to tliow 



Very cooiforhible... 
fWo liave IHilinKei 



r Seals too naiTOW, desks too low, and ' 

istniighl. 

I Are jrri-at Improvi-munt on old stylo— 






fDeak«nrodonbl.>— should be elngloandt 
\ higher for health of the children. J 

I would like the seats to ho stationnry..... 
(Those last Introthiced were much more 1 
i convenient than UhUnger's. J 



We hnvo— bonellolnl reanlW... 

Yes- hut not Intoly 

No— sub«tttuto recow,. 



in 17 

70.0 1 a8.r..i8 

37.8 10 



Donotknowofanywip.1.. 
Tuiiclters and Huliolaiii nuI 
lluth seholaiH lUid teitclux 



ehlhli 



Kineen piipll-i Miui , ,,i 

I don't llilrik lli.iy niiH.'i', 
UulliHohohuiiaiid leitehe 

One teiiehui- miffem 

They du not 



(Tli<-y bi.ve, with mi peiceriU- I 

Have no spuoe for gyinniuidcs 

Only a short time since 



}l'«rt'^of 1 
|Maliolaii«Bii 
Thoyofl"."! ' 
Nu-orilyfi 

TI.IilyHi'liM 



itiiswl ^y glut escaping trom dufcctlvi* 



from the heaters. Several c^vses of nose-bleed among tho children \n 
which ia caused by improper ventilation. 



I olTtn-nivo; .Hiiioll from watt-r-cloaet iu ct.'ll»i 



5C1 



No 

Generally. 
Cannot .... 



T 



i or teachers suffer 
|dache, lassitude, NER- 
lity, nose bleed, or 
r affections which 
ttributed to circum- 
onnected with the 



What is thk Avrii.\GE 

TliMl'KIlATtRE CF OSK 
OR MDUK OF YOUR 
ScUOOL-i'.OOMS ? 


















1 c 


c 


s 


a 


p 


o 


1 c 


C 








•« 


-^ 


t- 



70^^ 70° 
Nu' Ther 



72° 50^ 
mome ter 



01 

(52 



S El CO NDARY SCHOOL S.— Continued. 



SCHOOL HOUSES. 



i NAME. 

tl Monis Bojs' A Girts" SeconJiHj- School 

■_ <;»adan>wicnBoj-s" * Girls' Scctin<iary. 

^ -.sJnSlcn Boys- * Girls' ?«:•>• School 

4 .'lalcner SwcntUry School 

w C<jM>cks»nt Boj-s' A Girls' Sec'y School 

««l- Xc 2 Boys' SecoiwlRry School 

6: So. 3 Boys' i Girls' Sccondury School. 

ei So. 4 Girls' Secomlrtry School 

':.^ B.>vs' Secundary School — Colored. 

...Lrls' Secondary School 

:.oj-s' Secondly School 

".'^ WnTQOck Slreet Girls' Secondary Schoo'r I Wnmock Stroet, iih, Oxford 

St IVarrntk Street Boys' Secondary Schoo 

■i=- MHiiaj-iink Boys' i Girls' Sec'y School. 

^ 'auyliil! Boys' S Gir'is' Sec'y School. 

Mmalawiia Boys' 4 Girls' Sec'y School 

■>l-is«hiclioii Boys' i Girls' Sec'y School 

Bittcuhouse Girls' Secondary School.... 

iiiiteohouso Boys' Secondary School.... 

.; .wland Boys' and Girls' Sec'y School 

' rescent Boys' and Girls' Sec'y School 

.' Morton Boys' and Girls; Sec'y School.. 

V.-ltonrillo Boys' 4; Oirl»' Sec'y School | Follonvllle, 
-,: Colored Boys' and Girls' Sec'y School 

M.trshall Girls' Secondal-y School 

Marshall Boys' Secondary School 

• - Wiliuol Boy.' nnd Girls' Sec'y School . 
Tdlyer Boys' and Girls' Sec'y School. 
Meclianicsville Boys' & Girls' Sec'y,... 
Maple G rove Boys' * G Iris' Sec'y Sclioi 
fi.«lfrcy Boys' and Girls' Sec'y School 
Wlillehall Boys' and Girls' Sec'y School 
Mantua Boys' and Girls' Sec'y School 
Bslmout Boys' and ClrU' Sec'y Schou 
Warren Boys' and G irls' Soo'y Sch ool 
Haddington Boys' * Girls' Siic'y Seh....l 
.Vst.'nvlllc Boys' and Girls' Sec'y School 
T Ui.L.n Boys' nnd Girls' Sec'y School. 

,„„-ier Boys' ^Girls' Sec'y Sch | Haverlord »n,l Uiriy i.Uth 

.. o..,-.- „„d Girls' Sec'y School. Vmnllfurd ltd..V So 
lfrnnliror.1 IIJ.* 11 






School.. 



K. M. Stiinlon Girls' Secondary Sel 

Ijindrvth Boys' and Girls' Sec'y 8c 

Franklin Boys' and «h'l.' Sec'y School..! llolio lorry lloii.l 

Olmrd Boys' nnd Girls' Soo'y School | I'louynnk A' 



B Boys' 



119 I Grati Boys' 3econdar.\ 
12(1 i Gratz Girls' Bccondari 



?20th Sect. We cannot k.ep tlic nii [mrc by liny m. 
to the situation ci doors and windows, walev in tin- , 
reasons; while part of the scholars avo almost "cii 
delightful sensation of freezing. If it wove dosirabh' i 
for Eome malefactor. I would angitest iilacing him oi 
dl'.'i--ion cf Warnock Stn ct Boys' Secondary School 




110 NowUin Beys' s, 

111 1 Newton Girls' P 
ll'2t! Colored Boys' n 
113 1 Grecmvay Boys' and Girl.' See'y Schooll Gl 

' Bleckley Vnlon Boys' ,l! Girls' See'y Sell, Walnnt and ItlHy-llllnl | M, A 

list Angor,! Boys' an.l Olrls' ?ee'y School,,, lll.ltlmovo Ave, an.l Cloli 
118t' Oakdalo Bo.vs' nnd Girls' Sec'y School ,„ llTOid * 'I'ovvnshll.U 
int. Diamond SI. Boys' .V I'drl.^' See'y School Diamond imd Oman 

llSti Reynolds Girls' Secondary School j KlRhlc 

y-lhlnl 



' TfrTvm/A, owing 
. ''1 ty of other 
MIS onjoy tho 
n ;,ring toVulVO 
nm of tlio third 
vmtov, ho wonld 



ill-'llUS«t. 



, n. u.'.h fl'eoaing to not actually perish, but would be left for the 

nt of tho effluvia from a defective drain, arising in that 

' s weather. 

,, \.'.\ ;it thera you would think they were a donation from the 

r tbo boys' clotbos, 

I would especially call attention to the location of my school ', it 



stands in the centre of alarge common which has a clay soil. F"' f-.-^f'^'j/ 
the vear the mud is over one's shoes, rendering the school-house f 'fi™." J'f.''"!'; 
and the school-room 61tly. There ii no walk, path, or road, and during the past 
winter at times, it has been almost impassable. The common "rtj'"^™'^^;-^ 
rhose who pass over it on foot liable to cold and fever during the winter ana 
spring and on any i-'d'»»t day. 



«24thS«t. The building is not JoviMwith a veotilating apparata.. therefore 
windows and doors must be oponefT 'In some awes tho current of open air Irom 

,:„.,„,„. ;. directly upon the backs of teachers or pupils. An attempt at 

len mide in two rooms by making holes in tho «■!>»& J" 
.plaints of cold fe,t are numerous by reason of crack, between 
mop-toards. 



open window: 
ventilation lias b 
another room con 
the floor 



ft28th Sect. The school i» ftt prosont loacated in a private house, never intended 

'"VtaOtbTcrSrmometer on Monday, February «']■■ tl^'o'uTdoor 'tern! 
hours, and it was imi-osslble to got any more heat in the room, uut ooor lem 
perature }2°. 
•f Rented. 



E3L JL JCi, 



nost of the bi 



tus 
\.ir, 

the 



>. :< -3 



olais or Teachers suffer 

Headache, Lo.ssitude, 

•ous Debility, or No?e 

or other affections 

may be attributed 

rcumstances connected 

the Scliool ^ 



What is thk Avkraoe 

TKMPEnATUREOK ONE 
OK JHOEE OF yOlR 
SCIIOOI.-ROOMS. 



'"■■" ' Impossible 

Can in one room.., 

I f Yes; by opening 

""'l \ the windows. 

,...' >o 



rat timet: witii lieiidacln' 



pen I 



imcwhat 



stant suffers const;intIy Irom | 



47 
60 
70 



i i -5 « 



82° 
fi8 
72 
75 
7G 



47 
40 
12 
74 
36 



nlow;;.' Not in culil weathe 

....< ■\Vccanni«t... 



ed by gas from 'worn-out heaters, 

generally complain I 58 | GO]/, 62 

)lv 58 ' 62 70 



tbol 



Yes 

Not bv anv means. 



Yes 

f Yes: in moderate) 
( weather. 

We can 



70 



72 



73 



; YcB.. 

Xi... 

i V 
^ es.. 

iiidows; No.. 



itting near the stove suffer 1 
above complaints. J 

sionally suffer 

the teachers occasionally"! 

J 

■s.if headache 



Impossible 

Wo can generally.. 
No 



P"'^! Not very w.U. 



)m they cumplain 

?r diiring the wiiittr months. 

aint 

plain 

plain — cause by bad ventilation 
piently • 



its support upon one 
ters w.Jre built in the 



I 53 
' rr 

] 06 

'; 59 

05 

I 64 

65 

74 

i 55 



56 
72 
09 
68 
69 
70 
77 
62 
62 



70 I 9 
48 j 10 
2fi I 11 
32 I 12 
I 13 



69J^; 68 

66 I 71 

70 j 71 

7:5 75 



8 

20 ! 
20 j 

" i 
25 j 

40 

55 

6 

28 

4(M4 

34 

27 

68 



14 
15 
16 

1 17 
j 13 

i" 

21 

i 
I 22 

I" 

24 
25 
26 
27 
28 



wood work protected with tin, since which time 

. ._ „ est that the building inpector visit the building 

ive times duriui^ the fiiould occur I at least will not be held responsible.. 



CONSOLIDATED SCHOOLS. 

All but one of these Schools are located in the rural portions of the City; most of the buildings are very old, and correspondingly deficient in modnn sdiooi npi-liimcos. 



SCHOOL HOUSES. 



LOCATION. 



IllKlrli.Pril Av,.(1ir 



U'.V lid., nil, 

IslllllCliillS'l 



'. W, Woiivl 
iniic'H W. U' 



■viuK Slnvl, llri(lr»lni 



■riiiii.v-iiiini w. I.;. ii.iin». 

, lii'l, Tlog«... Chniloall.Dr 



J'lilNCJl'AI.S. 



.<: wiiit.' 

. M. Murni 



■S-i 


i8r..| 




isr.i 


23 


inr.0 


2a 


18f.3 



Does the Aik get 



Jlar,.l,l(..l«r,', 


12 


2Ci 


'• !l, 1S7.'. 


8 


21)1 


K.Oi. 16,187.1 


IC 


sa 


M.-.reli m, mi, 


11) 


279 


" 2r-,,18Tr, 


12 


240 


" 211, 1875 


i 


272 


" ncl,lS75 


2 
8 


118 

ion 



|in 



nutli, osppciiiUy Hio fi.rmi 



Jlnrfl. !1, 1S7.-I 111 IJi' 



" S, 1S76 
St-in'lil,187r. 



Fell. 10, lS7f. 


15 


■111 
100 , 


" 12,1875 


11 


imi 


Hliivlill, TS75 


.1 


189 


" "■"" 


21 

in 


201 


Aliril 0, 1S75 


,5 


2,8 



Ve.-.v f 


■Ill 




..luonllj- 






u'i.. 


""""*"'"^'' 


I'niil.. 



















m I 12 I Foul 

*1 4 ■ OccflBioimlly .. 



TliG Irvine Sohool-builcling was orootod in ISiT, Bvidosburg at thnt timo beiiiff a pjirt of tho Elovonth School 
..« onKHmi building Tms boon altorodTrom timo to ti.no to moot tbo increasing wants of tbo community, until but slight 
r inside or outsido romaiu of iU original avrangomfiuU^. The first ttoor of tho mam bmldmg is block -up on tho edgo of th.. 



"^25th Srotion, 
The original 




cellar wall. The second floor depends mainly for its support upon one flight iron pillar. Originally the rooms were healed by 
luoiina of stoves ; about eight years ago two heaters wore builfc in the m iin building, and the walls cut out to receive tbo fines 
running to the tlirce rooms .on tlie second floor. Itvo times during the first two years of my principalship I have exlingoished firos 



while the school was in aosiiion. The third year certain IIuor wore altered and tho 
there has boon no trouble. Three rooms oro t<lill hcal/'d with atovr-a, I would rotn 



d thflthomakean ulFicial report to your liniiorahlo ImdyHo that if any accident nl >uld opniir 1 at leas 



vood work profcootod witli tin, 
iHt that thoouilding innoctoi 



,ng inpoctor 
,8t will n..(, he 



which time 
viHit tho building 
hold responsible- 



PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 




I is vory diBagrocull. 



'lat Sect, "We have no trouble with tho purity of tUo ftir, it being too puro for 
itiort at times. The building is oppn on all sidoa to tUo wimls. and on wimly 
lV3 we are not troubled much with thy hvat, 1 canaot toll whothor tho hcniiug 



apparatuB fe ftt feuU. but the lowor rart of tho building has bwn entirely without at a given signal. There la a small shelf under the d^k which is a najsanco and 

b^t, \;-hoa the uppor floor wivs too Vt for oudurancc!* Wo have had no trouble should be condemnod: as on. 1 speak iMth a ^«^'-^'°'y J^^f^/^^fy \X . U 

since nuinR besnti but coudd*.>rable Uiroush UiO winter. impoaible to put the- ^Ut(^ in th-ir j.laces without a great deal of noise w bich s 

fiui^a bjung uLyiu. i.uv*.«u.s.a^i»ui« u.r^^u^u l»o ^^t ^^^^^^i^.^ to order. 1 ihmk tho defect could bo remedied at a email 



not very 

+lstSw:t, With r<'i:p»i\i to the desks there is a very great objection. There! expense. . ._ ,,. n. a.v.««i 

.hmild be on opcuiug on the top of the do^k into which the slate could be placed i jSth Sect The heating apparatus m the main bmlding of Holhngsworth School 



requires attf n 
forlablescijij-: 
a number of 
have bad a 
prompting p^ 
scbool-hoQ5i». 



, ■ M I ,iit. cgrco., Th« only mc.;in» of vonlilalion UBu.l in iny 
.., ■,,- i„„j, !,.„ .loor Umg into >!'» '"^'Y- "'" """"'a" lompanUun. X su 



tlicTBometor five and i ilf feet from 



When tlio outdoor U)mperaturo haii boon thirty 



'loon .iity-fo. lo .iJty-MVOn, Baino moanj of vontiktion. HoigTit o£ 



5C£ 



r 



SCHOOL HOUSES. 



• M r.UT Hay Primary No. C... 
il I E. M. Puxflou Primary No. i 



. Kdk-y PriuiJirj' No. I. 
I, Kelly Primary No. 3,. 



iry No. 7... 
No. 8.. 



Llviiieatoiio I'rliimrj 



PilmiiryNo.il 

A. V. Itucliu Primary No. -1 

» No.O 

hk>L>R Slfvoiis Primary No, C, 
» Ho. 7.. 



Ill I M'Xlur Pi'luiary No! ] 



rlM.li Pririmry Nc 



Kiiii^utlil Pi'lnutr; 



LOCATION. 



Dillwyn and Callowlill! »U 
Blaiia Str.;ut, bulow Fiflli,, 



887 Nortli S 
Moblo Stri-c 



Wood StrfJbl, rill. KlQvunlli.. 
Twoirtli and Wblcr Slrocls. 
Wood Slrcot, III). BlDTonth.. 
Twoirtli Strcpl, altovo Brown 

Jlulon Slruol, WI. Tw.-lftl 
I'wolflli Stroot.ftlwvc l)ro\ 



I, J. TUu« 

i. II. Ilamiim 



J. B.JiicUboti 

E.G. VoiiNohla ] J^" 

MiMllm .T. P. Wrifc'lil.. 



Slargari-t Kal<T.... 
LoiilHft P.Wogri.lf 





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K. A. Tord... 

M. L. Tlioiii 



SI.J.1.1...V.1 



iiivyitb. KloUiiuiiiil,. Miuy ,1. SiiiItU 

iukIi, ub, 'I'liniiiitKoii Iti'lM'mi L. 81mri>li 
„l>cl.Sl.iii'Uiiiiii.s.in Miiry K. 'nioiiiii»... 

Cuii-lo *:. Wuvd 

Moi-y K, Ituiii'kli-t. 



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K. w. uoin. 


. CoUmiMft Av 


Si>K>Uft AlU-i 


A IjiwroiiccSt 


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V lluucock St»« 


Maiy J. Wl 


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PRiniARY SCHOOL S .—Continued. 



11,1875 


s 1 


3, 1S75 

If,, 1S75 
'Jfi, ]S7li 


» 


11,1875- 


-J- 


12,1676 


! 


15, 1875 


J 


11,1»76 


8 


9, 1875 


" 


1, 4,lS7f. 


' 


.1 1575 


.1. 


1, 13, 1876 


■1 


■.>;., Ili76 
It 11, 1S76 


: 


12, 1S76 


" 


«, 1S76 


5 


11, 1875 





1, 1875- 


4 


9, 1S76 


5 


11, 1875 


a 


li 1S76 





10, 1875 


6 


li, 1875 


4 



Does the Ventilating Apparatus 
give yoQ enongli fresh air, 
or do you ha^^ to open the 
Windows ? 



llow maiij Scholars 


^ 


•aJ ether Twhcvs I 




who hAxa wMk or 


1 


siEht, or other d*. 


1 
1 


' 


? 



■"'■■""•} 






Com]ie11cd lo opon windows nnd doore 

No ventilators; obliged to opon;window£ 
No; open llio windows at all times 



Can by kt-epingl 



{?cXV" 






; wo open thu winilo^^... 



Konl '>]M.n the windows... 

Ndthor i Wo arc compelled to 

Foul Tentllation poor; lo 



Allflllglitly 



^nouraigUt, 



4 Dvar sighted 



24 Khulani 

>r'>. 1 Mind In ot. 
Thrr^ 



Kxwpt In lib dlv 

n'l> linv* two KllM 



r 



: YOU ASY REUARKS TO 
■ER AS TO THS MKttlTS QV 
S UBSK3 AND SEATS? 



Have your scholars 



Wis, wlthunt au.v n|>lH\rvnt lH<ui>nt 

Thoy hnvo «ot 

Wght Wtfrix'lirt*— l^ou^^Ul.•^ul, 



I'O Scholars or Teachers suffer 
from lloadiiche, Lassitude, 
Nervous Debility or Nose 
Bleed, or any otlior affec- 
tions which may be attrib- 
uted to oircumstauces oou- 
iiootodwilh the school? 



\Volliulnptr4ltosIi<- 
No l»ipi\tvi'n)ont!< i> 



Ooinrortnblv — itilnptwl ti 
Vory Boo«l— Uhlliiiror'a niiiktv. 



i«kH In tti<> lilttlu'i' dlvlnluiK 



,'l.ihlo-or till' del 



Nu; bavonot ipjlthu i 



Thvij* Imvniiut 

Y«ryii«ldom 

(Xvdftloniilly 

\m; fuvnmblo rMUlli... 



t nnd iihcuinforlnhK'... 



Tlipy In 
Nut •iHii 



Altarulii 

Some dMkM 11 
Ilhink tl 



Ibith (\-oiiuonlly coinplitlii oriioailncUo..,. 



Qutbn»i»b.>ia<>oUi'.... 

IJoUi very nuidi 

Toftoliori rU shITpi' riiii 
UolUodai comi'bdn nl 
Not tbnllknow.M 



I No! In m 



(;oni(>I<iftil<iorii«mliuh 
82 rruni licndnclii-, »0 ii 



10, Uandl 

upon the pupils' oyt 



y you nmy jierwivo Iho dV-lc 

^ „ , iisioned by the said pupiU facing Iho light iu the two 
of Primary No. 4, TwoU'ih Section, You will notice that at 
V eyw aro as yofc affected; by tho 
■third of the whole number will be 
kvo:iiaioi3 ot vision as to onca^inn considomWo miuiitt'iv*^rii\« on 
L-m 111 siK-h positious as will onulilo thi^m tocopv fn.ui i\w hUu"^- 



■.sent in the focomi division only' \,wo pupil 
!ae that class is riavly l\iv promotion — as 



board. Our windows fac« upon the double slat© roof of an opposite factory, with 
tiers of wimjhws betwoon the rootX and wIk-u the snoiY lic-s upon the aforesaid 
roofs, or a In jht apriug suushine upon the wiudows. the fraction U pomeihing 
terrific Agi ii if the day bo very cloudy and we wish Uie light to penetrate the 



Ki;.vptii»v do i' 

^'>Visioii3Uff( 



-the building opposiie being low — the sky justs 
• is simply 1 "" " "' 
suffer in'..- 



obliged to dimiss them therefor. This coold all be xemedied by facing the desks 
towani the side of the »om, and so as to allow m plenty of aonlight. 

^V2th Sect. The room occnpiM by the first division li tbe only one furnished 
with tha Vblinger desks. The other rooms have the long oM-faahioned desks And 
benches (seating four children) Tery "' ' *" 

solicit a Ti^it from the Ctmmitiee an 1 
we ace sadly in ne&i of many of the < 



room attrartive. For want of room onr gymnutio cxorciMs are limited to the 
arm or han 1 movementa. No beocficial retails perceptible, Ttie children 
freqaenlly complain of hea^lache, and the tcachen are by no mtmni exempt. Wo 
atuibute it la a great meaourv to iioj>erfect Tuotilatioa. 

••15th Soct Many of the nnpils are ill fed, half cWI. and in consequence, | 
proitrated by the prefient con'me o£ Stndy. Even the children having the bwt I 
home care are wora out by tlie system of cramming we are compelled to practice. I 



+tnth Sect. The school is in tbo bagorapnt three feet from the level of the pf fl ■(, 
ind in wet or damp weather it is injurious to both luacheis and childrea. 

{J17th Sect, School in basement — on cloudy dayii compelled to light the gas. 

g^lSth Sf-ct. In three rooms Heals are low and easily thrown over. The deskg 
a tlie other room.i arc tlio kind used over twenty years ago. The desks in my 
oom are an improvement on tlie othtjrs. 



SCH 



i What IS THE AVKHAGK 

5cliolars or Teachers suffer Temperatdreofone 



lleadacl If T.n.ssi t.n rl p 



IMORE OV V I) II R 



P RIM ARY SCHOOLS .—Continued. 



1 1)0 Sclrolars uv 'rcndu-w siKVor 
ftom llMiducho, l.assiludu, 

vsRD ovMNAsncs, IV SO Ulootl, yv ai\y othor ftlYoc* 
wi\ irsriK' lious whitfh nmy be ftUrib- 
ulea to ciTOUinslnnves con- 
j nootHJ with tlio wliool ? 


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74 


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■ A« Boon's Dam School, aro in a vsrv b 

o ,. Tl,o a«t« »»^ '»?.;" fSenrto tho Boor. ."-» '^Tf iXl 

inc ronmmuu. .v»n™ ... .-- i , !?«'• '. . Y..k3 canBOt 08 las"" v^ ,0 „, that •' he did not J 

oondition, .ome ot the dj^U = ^^^ directors «martM^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^.. 

fflaOthSort. Te«AOTOovtain^5•s«ff»t^^>.ttloom^;avh.al^al^d,m,pMe»ol.ol«« ~a<l<maU7 s.l>al='°f, ,;„o to write P^Pf'^i^n vears ago with r.tee material 
do hWw>.o, the h»at Ivom tout largo UoMors bou^; almost ovotMw„ iW ™ *' ,"« P"l"'' '■Ti J .«1 «M supl'li''^* "S""" • 



&^!"r.'if^ht'?hTa^°^:t°'?o':iw^\::?e^ 



u .f- ™. ..r» mnrh if fome of the raemben of the Board of KdiKalion 

J?.„;j„li Jfiool beiizin the dlT. I am conlmnanjr haTin? llie Kholam to 
^"L tl». w'rilat^f «p o-t th. «.ld. Th* Kholar. do not have gymna-tic 



u moil of Ihora have a long w»llt to and from ichool, and work lo t 
reach homo, which gira Horn rdonty of oxorciM. 

tttMth Sect, A» thU whool oc«upio» tornpororily a portion of 
Khool buildlDK, the an.wlr to tho qnostiono addrossod to Ih..:- -- ■ 
apply to this aclioo]. 



